经济师中级归纳总结

经济师中级归纳总结（精选6篇）

经济师中级归纳总结 第1篇

经济师《中级金融》重点归纳：金融深化

一、金融创新与金融深化的关系（掌握）

中级经济师考试金融创新是金融体系各方面的变革与创新，是金融体系内部的变化；金融深化是金融体系的变化作用于经济的反映。

金融创新——影响经济体系（金融深化）

经济的发展（货币与信用的深化）——推动金融创新

二、金融深化与金融抑制

（一）金融发展理论（掌握）

1.金融抑制论（掌握）

1973年由麦金农和爱德华。肖提出。金融抑制论认为发展中国家的经济欠发达在于金融抑制，金融抑制的直接原因是金融管制，提出“金融深化”的药方，极力倡导和推行金融自由化。所以把金融深化等同与金融自由化。

2.内生增长理论

上世纪90年代，在对金融自由化失败的经验总结后，提出内生增长理论。该理论认为金融发展并不意味着金融自由化。实行金融自由化是有条件的，在不具备条件的国家，实施必要的金融管制，可能更有利于金融的深化和经济的增长。

（二）金融深化

1.金融深化的涵义（掌握）

（1）金融深化指随着一个国家或地区的经济发展对金融服务不断提出新的要求，其中金融中介、金融工具、和金融市场不断进行创新，市场可以运用的资金潜力不断被挖掘，市场规模不断增加，同时不断走向专业化和复杂化的过程。

（2）衡量金融深化的指标（掌握）

“货币化”程度：货币交易总值/国民生产总值

货币化程度越高，经济的市场化、金融化程度越高

（3）金融深化与金融发展的区别（掌握）

金融深化表现为金融资产规模与金融机构数量和扩张，或金融产品的复杂化——质量和数量上的扩张；

金融发展不单指数量或质量上的变化，更主要是指金融效率的提高，体现金融为经济发展的贡献。

没有发展的金融深化是危险的。

经济师中级归纳总结 第2篇

一、我国中级经济师考试的外汇管理体制的改革

1996年12月我国实现了人民币经常项目可兑换、对资本项目外汇进行严格管理。

二、外债管理

（一）外债与外债管理的概念

根据国际货币基金组织和世界银行的定义，外债是指在任何特定时间内，一国居民对非居民承担的具有契约性偿还责任的债务，包括本金的偿还和利息的支付。

外债管理是指一国政府对外债及其运行加以控制和监督。

（二）外债总量管理与结构管理

1.外债总量管理

外债总量管理的核心，是使外债总量适度，不超过债务国的吸收能力。外债的吸收能力取决于债务国的负债能力和偿债能力两个方面。前者决定债务国能否将借入的外债消化得了，使用得起；后者决定债务国对外债能否偿还得起。

目前，世界各国用来监测外债总量是否适度的指标（债务国控制外债总量的警戒线）主要有：

负债率≤20%

债务率≤100%

偿债率≤25%

短期债务率≤25%

（1）负债率，即当年未清偿外债余额与当年国民生产总值的比率。其公式为：

负责率=当年未清偿外债余额/当年国民生产总值×100%

（2）债务率，即当年未清偿外债余额与当年货物服务出口总额的比率。其公式为：

债务率=当年未清偿外债余额/当年货物服务出口总额×100%

（3）偿债率，即当年外债还本付息总额与当年货物服务出口总额的比率。其公式为：

偿债率=当年外债还本付息总额/当年货物服务出口总额×100%

（4）短期债务率，即当年外债余额中，一年和一年以下期限的短期债务所占的比重。其公式为：

短期债务率=短期外债余额/当年未清偿外债余额

2.外债结构管理

外债结构管理的核心，是优化外债结构。外债结构是指外债的各构成部分在外债总体中的排列组合与相互地位。

外债结构的优化具体包括以下几个方面：

①外债种类结构的优化。

②外债期限结构的优化。

③外债利率结构的优化。

④外债币种结构的优化。

⑤外债国别结构的优化。

中级微观经济学教学中的体会 第3篇

微观经济学是我国高校经济管理类专业的核心课程之一。初级微观经济学主要注重经济学基础知识的传授。而中级微观经济学作为培养学生经济学思维和科研兴趣的专业基础课, 其教学目标是使学生把握微观经济理论的框架体系, 而且还要培养学生的实际应用能力和创新能力, 使学生在掌握理论知识的基础上, 能够运用理论知识对现实中的经济现象和问题做出分析和解释。选择一本合适的教材是实现这一教学目标的重要条件。笔者所在学校的经济学、财政学、金融创新与试验班等多个专业均开设中级微观经济学课程。结合这些专业的学生的知识基础, 综合考虑后, 笔者选用美国经济学家哈尔·R.范里安编著的《微观经济学:现代观点》作为中级微观经济学的授课教材。该教材内容丰富、编排有序、推理严谨, 层层深入。该教材还配有课后习题与解答, 便于学生自学和巩固知识。

2 授课过程中存在的困难和问题

2.1 学生难以理解抽象的模型和理论

中级微观经济学里面有很多比较抽象的数理模型和数学推导, 采用了“边际分析、均衡分析、比较静态分析、动态分析”等分析方法, 学生必须具备良好的数学基础和逻辑推理能力, 才能充分理解这些经济学模型。不少学生尤其是文科生在学习这门课时感到比较困难。教材里面有几个章节还涉及概率论的知识, 比如“不确定性”、“风险资产”以及“拍卖”这三章就涉及均值、方差、期望效用等概念。笔者授课的学生在第二或第三学期就开始学习中级微观经济学, 然而学生此时尚未学习概率论与数理统计的课程。如果直接按照教材上的内容来讲授这部分知识, 学生就会一头雾水, 无法理解。

2.2 部分学生缺乏浓厚的学习兴趣

微观经济学里面有一些基本的理论与人们的日常生活经验是一致的。对于这些看似简单的基本理论, 学生很可能会觉得早已对其熟知, 没有新鲜感, 从而学习兴趣不足。对于那些比较抽象而艰深的内容, 部分学生则有畏难情绪, 不愿深入钻研, 也就不能完全理解和掌握。

2.3 教材的内容繁多而课时不足

中级微观经济学涉及面广, 涵盖的内容很多, 但其教学时数一般都是51课时, 课时明显不足。教师为了赶教学进度就必须快速讲授, 无法保证每堂课都有良好的教学效果;或者是每节课尽量详细讲授且留出足够的与学生互动的时间, 却无法完成全部的教学计划, 在教学效果和教学进度之间往往顾此失彼, 不能保证学生能够有效地掌握知识。

3 改善中级微观经济学教学效果的建议

3.1 应用“微课”提高课堂效率

“微课”是近几年发展起来的一种新型教学方式, 具有针对性强和时间短的特点。“微课”的核心组成内容是围绕某个知识点 (重难点与疑点) 录制内容短小精炼的课堂教学视频, 同时还包含课件、练习测试及师生在线问答互动等辅助性教学资源。学生要学好《中级微观经济学》这门课程, 不仅需要高效的课堂学习, 还需要课后复习与做习题进行知识点的巩固与强化训练。微课作为课堂教学的一种有效补充形式, 可以让学生自主利用课余时间来学习, 也可以压缩很多知识点的授课时间, 给教师在课堂上加强案例教学和师生互动留有更多余地, 提高课堂教学效率。一方面, 为了让学生能够真正充分利用微课资源, 必须加强学习过程的管理, 可采用学习情况汇报等方式将微课学习纳入课程成绩的考核。教师也要根据学生的反馈不断改进微课课件的形式和内容。另一方面, 目前我国的高校普遍在进行课程建设, 如果同一门课程的微课资源不进行有效整合, 就会造成教师重复劳动和课程建设成本的增加。因此, 高校之间有必要加强微课资源的共建与共享, 提高课程建设的效率。

3.2 借助案例教学法激发学生的学习兴趣

中级微观经济学的理论性较强, 学生难以理解那些枯燥的概念和抽象的数学模型。采用案例教学法, 以案例引出理论、以案例印证理论, 或者以应用理论来分析案例, 都有助于学生提高学习兴趣。教材中的案例多数是国外的案例, 虽然能在一定程度上帮助学生理解理论, 但是与学生的日常生活并非密切相关。教师应该多采用那些学生很熟悉的经济现象作为授课素材, 并启发学生开拓思路。例如在讲授“拍卖”这一章时, 用学生很感兴趣的网上竞拍的案例来导出问题, 分析竞拍者应采用什么样的报价策略才能实现利润最大化。又比如在讲授“机会成本”时, 首先不直接提出机会成本的概念, 而是先让学生讨论“破窗”这种很可能发生在身边的现象。有人认为破坏玻璃窗可以通过乘数效应而创造大量需求, 这种观点乍一看似乎有理, 但实际上是片面的、似是而非。启发学生思考“破窗理论”的谬误之处, 从中引出机会成本的概念。破坏玻璃窗不仅存在机会成本, 而且还导致无谓损失。也可以就此开展案例专题辩论, 让学生在热烈的辩论中加深对经济学理论的理解, 并提高主动分析问题的能力。

3.3 精心设计课堂提问, 引导学生深入思考问题

整本教材是一个有机的整体, 教材的不同章节之间有着内在的联系。教师必须精心设计每一章的教学内容和课堂提问, 启发学生的思维, 引导学生将前后章节融会贯通。例如, 教材的第七章分析了社会保险金指数化与消费者福利的关系。教材中利用无差异曲线图, 根据消费者均衡点的选择来说明社会保险金指数化为何可以增加消费者福利。若没有继续学习后面的内容, 也许学生对该问题就不会有进一步的思考。但实际上还可以用替代效应和收入效应的概念对其作出解释。发生通货膨胀后, 社会保险金指数化只是消除了通货膨胀导致的收入效应, 但替代效应依然存在, 即在实际收入不变的前提下, 不同商品的相对价格变化引起消费者选择的需求束发生变化。因而社会保险金指数化在保证消费者效用水平没有下降的条件下, 保留了物价变动带来的替代效应, 由此使资源的配置得到改善, 消费者的福利增加。因此在第八章讲授了替代效应和收入效应之后, 就可以采用提问的方式让学生思考前一章提出的社会保险金指数化问题还能作出何种解释。若学生不能迅速反应, 就提示学生用替代效应和收入效应的概念来分析, 从而使学生既能加深对两种效应的理解, 又能从不同角度去分析同一个问题, 启发思维的活跃性。

3.4 针对不同的专业设计不同的重点教学内容

由于中级微观经济学涵盖的教学内容很多, 至少应安排64课时。但实际情况是除了经济学专业, 其他专业都不太可能在51学时的基础上再增加课时。在课时非常有限的情况下, 可以针对不同的专业设计不同的重点教学内容, 以便学生重点掌握与本专业联系最密切的经济学知识。例如, 为财政学专业的学生授课, 应将涉及税收和公共物品的章节作为重点来讲授。对于资源与环境经济学专业, 应重点讲授外部效应等内容。为金融学专业的学生授课, 则应将不确定性、资产市场和风险资产这些与金融学密切相关的知识作为重点来讲授。考虑到学生尚未学习概率论等数学课程, 应先向学生简略介绍相关的数学名词与公式, 再讲授对应的章节。由于整体经济的变动源于单个经济单位决策的变化, 因此消费者的偏好、选择以及厂商供给决策等关于个体决策的内容, 对各个专业都应该重点讲授。

总之, 在中级微观经济学的教学中, 需要采用“微课”和案例教学等各种方式提高课堂效率、提升学生学习的积极性和主动性。教师需要在长期的教学实践中不断学习和摸索、总结经验和失误, 才能进一步提高教学质量, 改善教学效果。

参考文献

[1]哈尔·R.范里安.微观经济学:现代观点 (第九版) [M].上海:格致出版社, 2015.

[2]谢超峰.中级微观经济学混合教学模式探索与实践[J].金融教育研究, 2016, (3) :81-84.

[3]邹晓涓, 叶洪涛.微课应用于《微观经济学》教学中的探索与反思[J].湖北经济学院学报 (人文社会科学版) , 2016, (7) :203-204.

[4]谭赛, 罗登辉.“微观经济学”案例教学研究[J].当代教育理论与实践, 2015, (12) :55-56.

用对立统一思想归纳经济学知识 第4篇

关键词：使用价值和价值 公有制经济和非公有制经济 市场调节和宏观调控 自力更生和发展对外经济关系

对立统一思想是唯物辩证法的核心和精髓，进行对立与统一的关系的教育也是哲学乃至政治课的一个经常性的重要工作。那么在政治复习过程中，把对立统一思想贯彻到经济学、政治学的教学中去，会收到事半功倍之效。本文以经济学为例作一浅显分析，以期引起广大读者的思考。

哲学课本对矛盾是这样定义的：事物自身包含的既对立又统一的关系叫矛盾。“对立”是指矛盾的双方相互排斥、相互分离的属性、趋势，又叫“斗争性”，“统一”是指矛盾双方相互吸引、相互联结的属性、趋势，又叫“同一性”。“同一性”有两种情形：一是矛盾双方在一定条件下相互依存，以使矛盾双方在一定条件下相互转化。但在实际应用中，一提到两者的关系问题，多是侧重其联系，因为差别即对立，其对立的一面是显而易见的。我们可以用对立统一思想系统经济学中的关于“关系”的知识点。

一、商品的使用价值和价值

商品有两个基本属性，即使用价值和价值。这两个基本属性的关系是对立统一的，商品是使用价值和价值的统一体，使用价值是价值的物质承担者。这是二者相互依存的具体体现；作为生产者为了获得商品的价值，会侧重商品的价值，作为消费者为了获得商品的使用价值，会侧重商品的使用价值，这是在一定条件下二者的地位的相互转化。

二、公有制经济和非公有制经济

我国社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度包括公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展两个方面，这两个方面缺一不可。在社会主义条件下，公有制经济和其他经济成分是相互依存、相互联系的，首先，在社会主义条件下，以公有制经济为基础的国家，允许其他经济成分的存在和发展，并为他们的存在和发展提供了优惠政策和宽松的社会环境，而且公有制经济给其他经济成分的发展给与支持。其次，公有制经济与非公有制经济各有其功能优势,彼此共存可实现功能互补，各种所有制经济完全可以在市场经济中发挥优势，相互促进、相互竞争、共同发展。第三，股份制已经成为公有制的主要实现形式，股份制使公有制经济和其他经济成分相互渗透，这也就是说，公有制经济和其他经济成分也是你中有我，我中有你。所以我们必须毫不动摇的巩固和发展公有制经济，① 必须毫不动摇的鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展，② 二者统一于社会主义现代化建设的进程中，不能把二者对立起来。各种所有制经济完全可以在市场竞争中发挥各自优势，相互促进，共同发展。③

三、市场调节和宏观调控

现代市场经济包括市场调节和国家的宏观调控两个方面，市场调节和宏观调控是贯穿社会化大生产条件下商品经济中的一对矛盾，二者相互联系、相互补充，缺一不可。市场调节实质上是价值规律调节，通过价值规律调节可以有效的优化资源配置，但是，单纯的市场调节又具有自发性、盲目性、滞后性的缺陷，需要国家的宏观调控。国家的宏观调控是对客观经济规律的自觉运用，具有主动性、自觉性和预见性，是对市场作用的弥补。因此，市场经济尤其社会主义市场经济的顺利发展，客观上要求把市场对社会经济运行和资源配置的基础性作用，与政府宏观调控的指导性作用有机地结合起来。这样，国家宏观调控实际上就构成了当代市场经济尤其是社会主义市场经济正常运转的一个不可分割不可缺少的有机组成部分，构成了当代市场经济正常运转的一种内在調节机制。④充分发挥市场机制的作用和加强宏观调控，都是建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制的基本要求，不能单纯强调一个方面而忽视另一个方面。

四、自力更生和发展对外经济关系

我国在发展对外经济关系时应坚持独立自主、自立更生的原则，自力更生不是闭关自守，不是盲目排外。自力更生与发展对外经济关系是相互联系、相互促进的。一方面，自力更生是发展对外经济关系的前提和基础。坚持独立自主、自力更生，真正拥有经济以及政治上的独立，才能以平等的地位与其他国家发展对外贸易。另一方面，发展对外经济关系是增强自力更生能力的重要途径。通过发展对外经济关系，吸收和借鉴世界各国的文明成果，促进成产力的发展和综合国力的提高，增强自力更生的能力。要促进我国现代化建设又好又快发展必须坚持在自力更生基础上发展对外经济关系，把二者统一起来。

参考文献：

①、②、③均摘自江泽民同志代表第十五届中央委员会向党的十六大所作的报告《全面建设小康社会,开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面》，第四部分

BEC中级口试话题归纳总结 第5篇

1.The first impression is vital.We should be neatly dressed to leave a good impression on the audience.2.If you have a good sense of humor, it helps to enhance atmosphere at the presentation and the audience will become more friendly and engaging

Teamwork(mutual trust, full co-operation)1.What is important when managing a project?  Encouraging team work  Keeping to schedule  Selection of the team members Firstly, encouraging teamwork is very important when managing a project.Teamwork reflects the combined experiences, knowledge, intelligence and views of a group of people, so it will definitely improve the quality and efficiency of the work.Secondly, keeping to schedule is also important.Time is always of essence for a project.You should ensure that you would be running before the schedule rather than after it.Otherwise it will lead to late completion.On top of that, selection of the participants should be also taken into consideration.People with a wide range of experiences can enhance the chance of the successfully sorting out problems.2.What is important when choosing people to work in teams?  Variety of experience  Personal qualities  Attitude Firstly, variety of experience is very important to a team member, because you never know what kind of problems might suddenly come up to you.Experiences in different fields will enhance the chance of successfully sorting out problems with you knowledge which is based on your past experience Secondly, personal qualities are also important.The basis of the team work is mutual trust and friendly atmosphere, which requires team members to be patient, modest and to have good interpersonal skills.What’s more, attitude should be also taken into account.As the old saying goes “Attitude is everything”.It has a direct impact on the success or failure of the teamwork.Recruiting & Selecting What is important when selecting staff for promotion?(selecting new applicants for candidates) Work-related qualities(专业素养) Personal qualities(人品) Current performance  Experience Firstly, when aiming for promotion, work-related qualities are important.These qualities include qualifications, skills and abilities which are necessary for any job.Secondly, personal qualities are important as well, such as loyalty to the company, responsibility and so on, since these can help to establish personal credibility and integrity among colleagues.On top of that, current performance is another factor to consider.Successful performance can at least demonstrate some aspects of the staff’s ability, such as communication skills, sales experiences and so on.WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN…?

Selecting applicants for a job  Working experience  Personal qualities

I choose topic A-what is important when selecting applicants for a job.As to this topic, as far as I am concerned, there are 3 things to consider.First, I think working experience is very important when selecting applicants.Applicants who have already had the work experience in the relevant fields will learn the new job easier and quicker.And it will also save the company a lot of training fees if the applicant has related experience.Second, we must consider the personal qualities of the applicants, such as personality and health.Companies tend to employ people whose character fits a special job.For example, consulting company tends to employ applicant who is analytical and knowledgeable, but advertising agents like their employees to be energetic and creative.Third, I believe language is of great importance when selecting applicants.Nowadays, we do business with people from all over the world.Always we buy goods from Africa, and sell our electronic product to Europe;a foreign language especially English is needed if the company wants to expand to the world.Applicants who can speak one or more foreign languages will have a better chance to get the job.WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN…?(常考)

Preparing for a job interview  Studying the job advertisement  Finding out about the company Before you go for an interview, you must make preparations so as to face the interviewer with more confidence.They include studying the job advertisement, finding out about the company, preparing yourself psychologically, etc.Firstly, you should study the job advertisement carefully so that you can match your knowledge, skills and abilities with the specifications required for the post.You must assure the interviewer that you have all the qualifications required, so you are the right sort of person they are looking for.Secondly, you should know more about the company, such as its profile, structure, existing problems, requirements, campaigns and future plans.As a Chinese saying goes: “know the opponent and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles without defeat.”

Finally, you should also prepare yourself psychologically and this will help you combat stress.Rehearsing the interview with your friends, for example, is a good relaxation exercise that can install confidence in you.What is important when aiming to retain good staff? What is important when aiming to reduce staff turnover? What is important when motivating staff?  Pleasing work environment  Career opportunity/development/structure(123) Flexible working hours  Financial benefits(123) Training Firstly, creating a pleasing workplace is very important when aim to retain good staff.A pleasing workplace includes everything from having the right tools available to provide basic comfort, such as proper lighting and noise control, etc.Secondly, career opportunity is also important.Employees will remain with their employer if career opportunities are presented.Career plans for those who what to upward in the company undoubtedly improve morale and boost engagement.(This can lead to some motivational values and enhance employees’ fulfillment.)On top of that, flexible working hours should be also taken into account.It allows the staff a certain degree of freedom, which is essential for the balance of life and work.Financial benefits are also important.Staff want some sort of recognition for the job that they do.Correct financial benefits plan will arouse their enthusiasm.Otherwise, they would feel being ignored(neglect/overlook).Besides, training cannot be neglected, since training can keep their skills current and up-dated, thus making them more competitive throughout their lives.What is important when aiming to improve career prospects?  Reading business articles  Learning a foreign language  Training Firstly, reading business articles is very important when trying to improve career prospects.This is a good way for you to keep up with the latest development in related field which may give you a clue of what to do next.Secondly, learning a foreign language is also important.For instance if you are good at speaking English ,that would add weight to the improvement of career prospects since the globalization economy and the wide-spread international corporation all needs the bridge of a common language ,and English is one of the most widely used languages.Thirdly, training is another factor to consider.By doing so , you get access to a range of skills to meet different sorts of needs from different jobs.Conference and Presentation What is important when organizing a conference?(Presentation) Conference speakers  Venue/Location  Topics covered  Facilities needed  Audience  Practicing beforehand Firstly, I think conference speakers are a very important factor to consider.If they are well-known people knowing a lot about a particular field ,or come from big multinationals, the conference/presentation will be likely to be informative and you may benefit a lot from it.(A good presenter knows what his audience want and is able to demonstrate(speak)in a clear, accurate and honest way to grab their attention and to raise their interest.)Secondly, location is also important.If the conference is held in a place with beautiful surroundings, more people will go and it’s good for you to do some useful networking.(Help you free from nervousness)On top of that, topics covered should be taken into account.To ensure all the audience can really benefit from the conference, what the speakers talk about ought to be something that the participants are interested in and relates to their work

To ensure the success of the presentation, some facilities are needed, such as OHP, microphone and PowerPoint that work.They can help to make details more clearly expressed and the presentation more impressive to the audience.The audience is also very important.Their participation and interaction can be helpful to the success to the presentation.It has to be decided first who is the target audience and then according to the result, send out the invitation letters to the right people before the presentation.What do you think is important when planning a career?  Qualifications  Future trends  Interest Firstly, it’s important to consider qualifications, since qualifications, to some extent, means relevant education, knowledge and ability, which are essential to the development and success of your career in the future.With qualifications, it will be easier for you to be accepted and acknowledge by others.Secondly, it’s also important to consider future trends.Following future trends will keep you up with the times and bring you more chances.Persuing a career with good future trends is undoubtedly more promising.Furthermore, personal interest should be also taken into account.Interest will bring along active attitude, thus making it easier to overcome work stress.Marketing

1、Advertisement

2、Packaging包装

3、Setting prices What is important when dealing with competition?  Pricing polices  Advertising strategies  Quality What is important when aiming to reach new markets?  Market research /Target market(the first step before the company gets into the market.) Pricing  Advertising Firstly, market research is important when aiming to reach new markets.By carrying out market research, a company can get such information as whether there’s a market for a new product, and what are customers’ needs and tastes for new product.Thus, the new product will sell well when it is launched into the market.On top of that, pricing should be also taken into account.In order to capture a large market share, you must set a price lower than your competitors.If you fixed the price higher than your rivals without higher quality, you might soon find yourself in an unfavorable situation.(The fundamental task for a company is to make its products and itself know to the public.There are several ways to achieve this, advertising is the most important one.)What is important when advertising a new product?  Cost  Media  Target consumers First, cost is very important when advertising a new product.Without money, there can be no mentioning of training at all.The costs of advertisement should be calculated carefully and reasonably..The mount of advertising budget determines the scale and period of advertisement.Secondly, media is also important.A company, through proper advertisements, can manage to introduce the advantages of their products comparing to their rivals’ and convince the consumers that their products would be the right choice.Thirdly, target consumers should be taken into consideration.For instance, bill board will likely be an important element for the target market that has a limited number of potential customers, while TV comer

What is important when setting prices for new products?  Cost  Demand  Competition(competitors’ prices)The first thing we must take into account is costs when setting prices for new products.Prices should cover the costs, such as insurance, raw materials, rent and equipment.Otherwise, the company will make a loss.Secondly, demand is also important.Consumer demand for the product clearly affects the price that can be charged.When demand is strong, we can set high prices, when demand is weak, we can set low prices.Besides, competition should be taken into account.If you fixed the price higher than your rivals without higher quality of service, you might soon find yourself in an unfavorable situation.(The company is supposed to consider the prices set by its competitors.(Last but not least, if a company wants its new products to be competitive, it must take competition into consideration.It must set the prices equal to or lower than its competition.)What is important when packaging?  image  production process  convenience First of all, when packaging, it’s very important to choose the color, shape and design that convey the high-quality image to our customers.With special appearance, it helps make the product distinct from others and attract consumers’ attention Second, production process is also important, the product will be handled for many times during its production process, so the packaging material we use should be strong enough to resist any damage.(we should also consider the transit process so that the package we design will protect the product against spoilage.Apart from this two aspects, it’s also of great importance to offer consumers convenience.Packaging should be designed in such as way to make it easier for customers to open the container and use the product. What do you think is the basic objective underlying all promotion? I think it’s to provide information.Companies want to tell customers about themselves as well as what products are available, where they can be purchased, and for what prices. What do you think are the promotional alternatives?

They are advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, and publicity

Delegation Entertaining Clients招待客户  Do you think it’s necessary for a company to establish a good long-term

relationship with its clients? Yes.A good long-term business relationship with clients means better understanding and greater trust between you and your clients.That will definitely help retain clients.Location and Relocation  What is important when relocation a business?  What is important when choosing retail premises to rent? Local workforce available Location of site(transportation)Length of contract Demand for products or services Labor costs Competition Firstly，Secondly, location of site is very important.You need to consider whether it’s convenient and easy for raw material supply and transporting out the products, whether it’s easy to get access to the electricity, water, gas and other supporting energy, whether it’s convenient for staff to go to work.Furthermore, length of contract is also important.Longer contract would cover issues in more details.The contract should cover certain matter, which are likely to happen, such as, assignment, service charges.Competition is another factor to consider.You shouldn’t locate in a place where there are already a lot of firms.Competition will severely affect a company’s revenue.Discussion Trade fair What is important when exhibiting at trade fair?参加展销会需考虑哪些要点  Quality of display  Staff selected Firstly, when exhibiting at trade fair, quality of display is very important.The quality of the display will affect the public image of the company.Therefore you should make sure that what you display should be of high quality and show the best of your products.Secondly, it is also important to select the right staff.There have to be people who are informative and have excellent communicative skills so as to answer any kind of questions produced by potential customers.All this is impossible without careful planning.So you have to plan in advance to make your display a complete success.What is important when planning the layout of a stand at trade fair? 展销会展位布置需考虑哪些要点？  Attractiveness  Security of exhibits  Space arrangement

Firstly, attractiveness is very important when planning the stand layout.In order to get more people to visit your stand, it should be designed in a creative way to make it as eye-catching as possible.Secondly, security of exhibits is also important.No one want to see any visitor to your stand be hurt due to the neglect of security of exhibits.So make sure your exhibits are placed in safe way to avoid any potential dangers.On top of that, space arrangement should be also taken into consideration.For instance, there should be area for demonstrating your products as well as for discussion with visitors.Entertaining Clients（organize outdoor activities户外活动、商务活动） Arrange a meeting(travelling and accommodation arrangement, information ,travelling)give presentation  How important is it for a company to have regular meetings? Very important.It is an effective way to collect ideas and to communicate.Also, it keeps employees well-informed with the latest developments of the company  Video conferencing  Training(seminar/program)for new staff(students/appraisalmeasure/evaluate 1.offer a training on sth.for sb.It’s certainly a good chance to improve-----

Training is to the mutual interest of both the individual and the company

The growth of the company depends on the development of its staff.2.focus on issues/topics like XXXX, which are important when holding a training program 3.I am with you here./You bet./I couldn’t agree with you more.This aims to---Besides that,------------It’s a very good idea.So that leads to the next item-----谈论如何做，以及这种做法的意义。Have we covered everything? Oh,one more point；------Let’s look forward to the training.What is important when organizing an in-house training course?  course contents  participants selected  planning carefully Firstly, course contents are very important when organizing an in-house training.To ensure all the participants can really benefit from the training course, the contents should be something that the members are interested in and be practical to their work.Secondly, participants selected are also important.That includes trainers and trainees.To ensure effectiveness of the training, you should select experienced and informative trainers to give the course.As for trainees, they ought to be people who can spare time for the training so as to maintain high level of productivity.All this is impossible without careful planning.So you need to plan in advance to ensure a complete success of the training. Promotion(method/how much discount should be offered/ advertisement突出哪些特征)target consumers between XX and XX years old

Wow, you see now the car industry is changing so rapidly that we can hardly imaging.Only three month passed , and the company brings out another new model of the car, especially whose target consumers ages from 18 to 25 years old.Well, this new product aims to target consumers between 18 to 25 years old.They are young and can be easily attracted by novel things, I mean, we should outline the unique design of the car model, which leaves the impression of fashion on consumers.They would prefer to things which are very eyecatching.However, I wonder if they can afford it for people under 25 years old do not have that many savings.It’s necessary to convince them that this type of cars is good value for money.Then we are able to make profits from them.So that comes to the problem how to present the car to our target consumers effectively though an advertising campaign.I think TV commercials can meet our needs.For one can it can reach a large number of audience at a low cost per person.For another, television allows creative use of action, color, and sound which that cannot possible in any other medium.In addition, giving leaflets is another way to show them the new model.With both of the ways , I think we can our plan reach the expectation.Let get down to prepare for it. Internal/External magazine/(staff magazine)who should be involved

Consumers NewsletterArticles 文化差异问题、所需了解到的关于对方的信息了解受培训者的信息、与会者的信息、客户的信息、传递何种信息才合适，怎么传递Part i  Do you think price is the only factor that you consider when you are deciding to buy a product? No, when I am deciding to buy a product, I consider not only price, but also quality, after-sales service, reliability, reputation and style, etc.Usually, I think the better quality the higher price, so I may not choose the cheapest one. Do you think advertising cost-effective?你认为广告节省费用吗？

Yes, although advertising can be quite expensive, many firms still find it cost effective because it can reach millions of people at a low cost per person. What do you think are the promotional alternatives手段？

They are advertising, personal selling, sales promotion（促销活动）and publicity. What do you think is the basic objective underlying all promotion?

I think it’s to provide information.To tell customers about the what products are available, where they can be purchased, and for what prices. What training would you hope to have in the future? The training of foreign languages, such as English.The globalization of economy and the wide-spread international cooperation all need the bridge of a common language.And English is one of the most widely-used languages. Do you think companies should provide training for all their staff? Yes.Colleagues should be treated equal.Their knowledge and skills need to be improved. Would you welcome stress when you are targeting at your goal? Yes, A reasonable amount of stress will push me forward a bit faster.(will push me to work harder)

 What is important when dealing considering setting up a staff canteen?  employees’ opinions  cost to the company  careful planning Firstly, in order to makes sure that the canteen can really benefits your staff, it’s important to take the employees’ opinions into consideration.For example, you can a survey about what the price of the food can be charged among staff.This is to ensure the food won’t be too expensive to them as well as to avoid raising complaint.(should be placed, such as TV, the shape of the table, and the color of the wall so as to create a comfortable place for them to relax while eating)Secondly, cost to the company is also important.Without money, no canteen can be set up.You need to make sure the cost is within your budget.(The cost will influence the size)

All this is impossible without careful planning ,so you have to plan in the advance to make

中级经济师年度总结 第6篇

回顾以前的工作，在工会领导帮助和关心下，本人能够认真学习党和国家方针政策，遵纪守法，爱业敬岗，与工会同志一道，围绕中心，服务大局，努力克服各种困难，自觉主动、创造性的开展工作，不断提高自己的工作水平和思想觉悟，较好地完成了每年度各项任务。现将近四年来的主要工作成绩总结如下：

一、突出重点，积极组织各项竞赛活动。

1、针对不同时期生产经营重点，组织开展攻关竞赛。

围绕生产经营的重点、难点，先后在炼铁、炼钢组织开展“高炉顺产达标”、“增铁增钢保目标”劳动竞赛。尤其是去年二季度以来，公司工会针对企业内部生产成本过高和严峻的市场形势，先后在“一铁两钢”、供应、销售系统开展竞赛活动。针对大宗原燃料涨价，资源性商品供应紧张的实际情况，与部门同志一起在供应部组织职工开展“保证供应、保证质量，降低辅材备件消耗、降低库存储备资金占用、降低采购成本”竞赛。通过竞赛，4、5、6三个月，采购成本分别控制在5个亿、4个亿和3个亿。还在销售部开展“落实财务预算制，努力促销增效”竞赛，8月份销售成品钢材11.88万吨，其中热轧材高出预算价格113.25元/t，为公司增加利润1345.41万元。三季度，是我公司1080m3高炉、6m焦炉等技改工程建设的关键时期，组织有关单位和部门在这两项工程中开展“重点工程建设”竞赛活动，同时还纳入湖北省“重点项目建设”竞赛，进一步动员广大职工积极投身重点项目建设，全面促进了项目建设计划的完成。据不完全统计，四年来，共组织开展各种攻关竞赛915场次，参加人数117844人次，创纪录559项次，创经济效益1430.78万元。

2、以改善指标为重点，组织开展指标争先创优竞赛活动。

积极发动职工立足岗位、大力开展指标攻关竞赛活动，并每月将竞赛结果进行通报。在对标挖潜活动中，与技能部等部门一起瞄准国内同行业的先进水平，结合企业的实际情况，制定各单位竞赛指标，动员组织职工积极开展技术经济指标创新活动。各单位根据公司下达的指标进行了层层分解、层层落实，从而促进了指标的改善。如和冷带公司工会一起抓好宣传、发动、组织工作，动员广大干部职工开展多种形式的攻关活动，促进了技术经济指标的改善。去年以来，产品合格率、工序能耗、日历作业率三项指标居全国同类型企业第一，成材率、机时产量名列第二。xx年，公司九个主体工序13项指标有8项实现了公司攻关目标，占指标总数的61.54%。

3、以总结推广先进操作法为载体，组织开展技术攻关活动。

根据生产建设、市场需求和变化、以及企业管理实际，发挥广大职工群众的聪明才智，本着职工自愿结合、自我选题、自己动手的原则，开展小改小革和合理化建议活动。及时召开表彰、宣传技术攻关典型，展示技术攻关成果，为职工构筑一个自我体现的平台。同时在职工中广泛开展“金点子”活动。四年来，组织职工创先进操作法20个(项)，攻克技术难关184起，小改小革223项，征集合理化建议8145件，已采纳实施4067件，创价值430万元。

4、以提高职工队伍技术业务素质为突破口，组织开展技术比武活动。

xx年，积极参与组织在七个主体生产单位，开展炼铁工、轧钢工等八大工种岗位练兵、技术比武活动，此次活动历时六个月，涉及557名竞赛选手。在整个竞赛工作中，由于各单位坚持比武内容与生产实际相结合，比武重点与生产难点相结合，练兵比武与职工技能鉴定相结合。参加公司决赛的96名选手综合及格率达到了100%。公司对在这次技术比武、岗位练兵中取得优异成绩的34名选手授予“鄂钢技术能手”称号，颁发了高级工技能鉴定证书。有效地调动了广大职工学技术、学业务的积极性。

二、团结协作，工作不分内外。

多年来，除搞好分管工作外，还发扬团队精神，积极协助同事开展诸如“安康杯”竞赛、年度评比和班组建设等工作。