口译真题范文

口译真题范文（精选6篇）

口译真题 第1篇

第一部分：听力(30分钟，50分)

SECTION 1 LISTENING TEST 45 minutes

Part A Spot dictation

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.

We already live in an over-communicated world that will only become more so in the next tech era. We’ve developed technology that gets us so much information that we’ve got cell phones ringing every second. We’ve got computers and laptops. We’ve got personal organizers. And we’re just being bombarded with communication and every advancing technology seems to create more and more communications at us. We are thought of over-whelmed by the information flow.

Research suggests that all the multi-tasking may actually make our brains work better and faster, producing a world-wide increase in IQ up to 20 points and more in recent decades. Is there any real benefit in all these mental gymnastics we now have to go through? We are not becoming a race of global idiots, but many do think certain skills are enhanced and certain are not. You know the ability to make fast decisions, to answer a dozen emails in 5 minutes or to fill out maybe big aptitude text. That’s enhanced.

But when someone is out there with his kids laying in his little league, or something like that, he’s got his cell phone in his pocket, he is always wondering: “Jeez, did I get a voicemail?” This might have negative effects on our own brains patterns. Creativity is something that happens slowly. It happens when your brain is just noodling around, just playing. When it puts together ideas which you haven’t thought of, or maybe you have time to read a book. You are a business person but you have time to read a book about history or about a philosopher and something that happened long ago, or something or some ideas, some default of long ago.

Actually, it might occur to you that you can think of your own business in that way. And so if this mixture of unrelated ideas that feeds your productivity, feeds your creativity, and if your mind is disciplined to answer every email, then you don’t have time for that playful noodling, you don’t have time for those unexpected conjunctions. So I think maybe we are getting smarter in some senses, but over communication is a threat to our creativity and to our reflection.

Part B Listening Comprehension

Questions1-20省略

第二部分：客观阅读(30分钟，50分)

SECTION 2 READING TEST 30 minutes

Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions1-15省略

第三部分：英汉翻译(30分钟，50分)

SECTION 3 TRANSLATION TEST 30 minutes

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

During the term of this Contract, all technical documentation, including but not limited to manufacturing technologies, procedures, methods, formulas, data, techniques and know-how, to be provided by one Party to the other shall be treated by the recipient as “Confidential Information”. Each Party agrees to use Confidential Information received from the other party only for the purpose contemplated by this Contract and for no other purposes. Confidential Information provided is not to be reproduced in any form except as required to accomplish the intent of, and in accordance with the terms of, this Contract. Title to such information and the interest related thereto shall remain with the provider all the time.

Each Party shall provide the same care to avoid disclosure or unauthorized use of the other Party’s Confidential Information as it provides to protect its own similar proprietary information. Confidential Information must be kept by the recipient in a secure place with access limited to only such Party’s employees or agents who need to know such information for the purpose of this Contract and who have similarly agreed to keep such information confidential pursuant to a written confidentiality agreement which reflects the terms hereof. The obligations of confidentiality pursuant to this Article shall survive the termination or expiration of this Contract for a period of five (5) years.

参考译文省略

第四部分：听力(30分钟，50分)

SECTION 4 LISTENING TEST 30 minutes

Part A Note-taking and Gap-filling

Directions: In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the important points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap-filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. You will not get your ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk.

Today my topic is cultures and traditional holidays.

Holiday are special times of respite from work and other routines. In some cases, they are legal holidays when stores, businesses and government offices are officially closed. In other cases, they are celebrated without taking time off from work. Holidays are often times for celebration, revelry, eating, drinking, travel, and family gatherings, but they may also be times of rest and reflection. The current trend is away from rest and reflection, Even Mardi Gras, the day before the traditionally reflective period of Lent, has turned into an entire week of parties, parades and merry-making for those who make the annual pilgrimage to New Orleans, for example.

In most cultures the scheduling of holidays originally was related to the seasons, the lunar cycle, and religion, Christmas (December 25) celebrates the birth of Jesus, but it is not actually known whether Jesus was born in the wintertime. The first Roman emperor to espouse Christianity decided to have Christmas when the days are shortest to bring a spirit of optimism to the long winter months. It also helped bring Christianity to the pagans, who were accustomed to having festivals at the winter solstice, encouraging warmth and sunshine to return. Over the years Christmas has come to symbolize goodwill and generosity for both Christians and non-Christians through the personification of Santa Claus, originally a Christian saint, known as St,Nicholas. Nowadays Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer is almost as important a global symbol of Christmas as Jesus or Santa and the commercialization of Christmas threatens to replace generosity with greed. Many people forget that the original Christmas gifts were given by the Three Wise Men, all pagans, to Jesus, a Jewish child born in a manger. All they think of are the gifts they will give or receive, and all the money they have spent.

One reason for the increasing popularity of Christmas is its proximity to New Year’s Day, encouraging a long holiday to evolve out of both. In the U,S., the holiday has turned into an extended holiday season, lasting from Thanksgiving Day in late November until New Year’s Day, with a seemingly endless array of parties, dinners, concerts, parades, and vacation trips. The schools and colleges are closed from mid-December through early January while many people eat too much, drink too much, and watch too much American football on TV. Many gifts, cards, and annual newsletters are exchanged, and the various festivities are not always very restful. Then the same people make New Year’s Resolutions to eat less, drink less, spend less, and work harder in the coming year.

Christmas is by far the most important holiday in English-speaking countries. Other important holidays in addition to Thanksgiving and New Year’s Day are Valentine’s Day, St.Patrick’s Day, April Fools’ Day, and Easter. On Valentine’s Day, celebrated on February 14, people give cards, chocolates, flowers, and kisses to their spouses and sweethearts. On St.Patrick’s Day, March 17, people wear green to celebrate the luck of the Irish, and eat corned beef and cabbage washed down with green beer. During Easter Week in late March or early April, Christians remember the death and resurrection of Jesus while Jews celebrate Passover, in memory of the escape of the Jews from ancient Egypt, where they had been slaves. Although it is not actually a holiday and has no religious connotation, April Fools’ Day, celebrated on April 1, is a day when people play embarrassing tricks on their friends and colleagues and even on their teachers. Another holiday with some similarity to April Fools’ Day is Halloween on October 31,when children wear funny or scary costumes and ask their neighbors for, “tricks or treats”, The name Halloween means, hallowed evening”, the night before All Saints’ Day when Christian saints are honored. On the following day, All Souls’ Day, services and prayers are said for the dead. In many countries, it is a day when families visit cemeteries and place flowers on the tombs of their relatives. In Europe, Labor Day is celebrated on May 1, whereas in Canada and the United States, labor and laborers are honored by a legal holiday on the first Monday in September.

Part B Listening and Translation

I. Sentence Translation

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

1. 原文：The biggest challenge facing us now is to improve the quality of life in cities, because sadly, cities don’t always offer the economic security, the safety or the comfort they promise.

译文：现在我们面临的最大挑战是提高城市生活质量,因为令人遗憾的是，城市并不总能提供所允诺的经济保障，安全或者舒适。

2-5省略

II. Passage Translation

Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.

1. 原文：Owing to the over population in urban areas and the lack of employment opportunity, the crime rate is also a huge problem we are faced with. The problem of delinquency is increasingly more serious in this area. Also the lack of the traditional family structure and weakened bounds of kinship, lower the moral of these children growing up in the urban areas. These children grow up in poverty and usually look at crimes as a quick and easy way out. The problems in urban areas are far more than can be handled in any short-term efforts. We can only hope to contain them, and attempt to make sure that no more problems arise from the already existing ones.

译文省略

2省略

第五部分：主观阅读(30分钟，50分)

SECTION 5 READING TEST 30 minutes

Passage 1

暂缺

Passage 2:

Online truth is more valuable than privacy

Not so long ago I found myself in characteristically pugnacious discussion with a senior human rights figure. The issue was privacy. Her view was that there was an innate and largely unchanging human need for privacy. My view was that privacy was a culturally determined concept. Think of those open multiseated Roman latrines in Pompeii, and imagine having one installed at work.

The specific point was whether there was a generational difference in attitudes towards privacy, partly as a consequence of internet social networking. I thought that there was. As a teenager I told my parents absolutely nothing and the world little more. Some girls of that era might be photographed bare-breasted at a rock festival, and some guys might be pictured smoking dope but, on the whole, once we left through the front door, we disappeared from sight.

My children Generation Y, rather than the Generation X-ers who make most of the current fuss about privacy seem unworried by their mother’s capacity to track them and their social lives through Facebook. In fact, they seem unworried by anybody’s capacity to see what they’re up to until, of course, it goes wrong. They seem to want to be in sight, and much effort goes into creating the public identity that they want others to see.

There was an estimate last month that Facebook has something like 130 million unique visits every day. It now acts as a vast market place for ideas, preferences, suggestions and actings-out, extending far beyond the capacity of conventional institutions to influence. And the privacy issues it raises have little to do with the conventional obsessions such as CCTV or government data-mining.

At a conference at the weekend I heard that some US colleges have taken to looking at the Facebook sites of applicants before they think to alter them before an interview. This may turn out to be apocryphal, but such a thing certainly could be done. In this era of supplementing exam grades with personal statements and character assessments, what could be more useful than an unguarded record of a student’s true enthusiasms? What else did Tristram do on his horizon-expanding journey to the developing world?

This would have driven me crazy. My daughter’s college friends, she says, are “pretty chilled” about it. There are the odd occasions when a vinous clinch is snapped on a mobile phone and makes the social rounds to the embarrassment of the clinchers, but whatever will be will be.

An EU survey two years ago suggested that this is the pattern more generally. The researchers discovered what seemed to be a paradox: although half of their young respondents were confident in their own ability to protect their online privacy, only a fifth thought it a practical idea to give users in general “more control over their own identity data”. In other words (and this is my interpretation) they didn’t think that their peers could be bothered with extra protection and they felt fairly happy with their own.

Meanwhile, their elders try to get them concerned about issues such as internet data harvesting by private companies. A US news report last week concerned the work done to create “privacy nudges” software that reminds users at certain moments that the information they are about to divulge has implications for privacy. One privacy campaigner even suggested that people might be rewarded with lottery tickets for not giving out such knowledge.

I have to say, as someone who often elects to receive online mailshots from companies operating in areas in which I’m interested, that this seems to me to miss the main problem. As long as you have the right to say “no” to a company’s blandishments, I don’t see a huge problem. That’s why the now notorious Italian bullying video seems much more relevant. At the end of last week three Google employees were sentenced in absentia for breaching the privacy of a handicapped boy, whose horrid treatment at the hands of his Turin schoolmates had been posted on Google Video. This clip spent several months in circulation before being taken down.

Almost everyone including our former Information Commissioner agrees that the sentence was wrong, perverse and a kick in the teeth for free speech, with implications that could (but won’t) undermine the internet. And they are quite right. But look at it, for a moment, from the point of view of the boy’s parent, or the boy himself. They must have felt powerless and damaged. So how much control or ownership can one have over one’s own image and reputation?

The second great question, then, raised with regard to the net is what might be called “reputation management”, or if you like public identity management. What is it that you want people to know about you, and can you have control over it?

Last weekend I was alerted to two new phenomena, both of which caused me to miss a heartbeat. The first was the possibility of using a program, or employing someone, to “suicide” you online. Recently a company in Rotterdam used its Facebook presence to advertise its “web 2.0 suicide machine”, which would act as “a digital Dr Kevorkian [and] delete your online presence” from Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and LinkedIn, not just on your own sites but on everyone else’s leaving just a few “last words”.

Unfortunately Facebook chucked the suicide machine off its premises, so it then suicided itself, ending with the words “no flowers, no speeches”.

As a journalist I was horrified by the implications of online suiciding. In the first place it means the erasure of documentary history. And second it raises the possibility of routine doctoring of material on the internet to render it more palatable to the offended.

The second phenomenon was worse. It was that some people, many perhaps, might seek to undermine any informational authority on the web by flooding it with false information, thus obliquely protecting their own identities. As an occasional target of such misinformation, sometimes playfully (as when an unknown person amended my Wikipedia entry to make me Serbian by birth), and sometimes maliciously, I know it can play merry hell with everyone’s sense of reality.

In other words it seemed to me that there was a threat much worse than that to privacy, and that was of privacy- induced attempts to bend or erase the truth that is essential to the value of the internet. Lack of privacy may be uncomfortable. Lack of truth is fatal.

Passage 3省略

第六部分：汉英翻译(30分钟，50分)

SECTION 6 TRANSLATION TEST 30 minutes

Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

我们应该牢记国际金融危机的深刻教训，正本清源，对症下药，本着简单易行、便于问责的原则推进国际金融监管改革，建立有利于实体经济发展的国际金融体系。要强调国际监管核心原则和标准的一致性，同时要充分考虑不同国家金融市场的差异性，提高金融监管的针对性和有效性。

我们要牢牢把握强劲、可持续、平衡增长三者的有机统一。我们应该积极推动强劲增长，注重保持可持续增长，努力实现平衡增长。实现世界经济强劲、可持续、平衡增长是一个长期复杂的过程，不可能一蹴而就，既要持之以恒、坚定推进，也要照顾到不同国家国情，尊重各国发展道路和发展模式的多样性。

参考译文省略

口译真题 第2篇

第一部分“听力”，30分钟，50分。

Section 1:Listening

(1)20个填空。

有段句子或单词，答案含1-5个单词，内容：人工智能

(2)4段话，每段5个选择题。

新闻节选段落有交通事故、前妻纷争?欧洲旅行相关

第二部分：阅读，30分钟，50分。

4个阅读，每篇5个选择题。

Section 2:Reading:2.5分20=50分

考了自然类主题的，还有文化等主题的，具体记不清了。

阅读内容：

第一篇自然类主题，native和world的动植物引进的debate，学术观点引用影响之类的，考到文中一个关键词的含义，作者的观点等。

第二篇贫富差距相关的主题，富人生活评价，但穷人也有自己的优势balabala,最后总结，穷人life可以如何考到的问题有选项表达与题中不符的，全文的语气风格等。

第三篇是学生等级划分的辩论,问题有作者拿自己和自己的同学举例的意图是什么，主题词在原文的意思

最后一篇记不太清了。

第三部分：翻译，30分钟，50分。

Section 3:Translation:(英译中)50分

内容：首相任命administer of loneliness and isolated, 专门处理loneliness 的系列问题，loneliness和癌症、心脏病等致病关系 比一天抽15根雪茄还严重，还有loneliness 的影响、危害和治理等。

补充：通讯技术的发展、social media等原因，提到了facebook和instagram等社交平台，Facebook原本宣称自己是为了改善社交状态的，但结果反而加剧了社交平台loneliness and isolated.

【中间休息15分钟后接着考】

第四部分：听力，30分钟，50分。

Section 4:Listening

(1)Note-taking and Gap-filling:1分20=20分(英语填词)

(2)Listening and Translation:句子3分5=15分(中文回答)

(3)Passage translation ：段落两段共15分(中文回答)

1，听一整段，然后回忆单词20个填空。

内容：文化和语言交友沟通文化，陌生人沟通的主题。The relationship of language and society culture，考到了linguistic语言学。

2，听写5大句英语，写出中文翻译。

内容有外国人旅游吃吃喝喝看美女但最后记住的永远是美景;有经济类，第二季度经济增长数据报告，很多数字要记。

3，听2整段英语，写出对应的中文。分开来听挺简单就是超级长，挺难记全。一个文化类的 一个经济类的，报告中很多美国消费数据表达入不敷出的经济状况。

第五部分，阅读，30分钟，50分。

(题型：回答问题)

Section 5:Reading:5分10=50分

主题：一个是心理学关于焦虑管理的，举了个英国的明星例子，如何control和deal with 这种焦灼的精神状态;

三个问题，一个是简单介绍下题中明星，二是文中引用了作者和这个明星共同的问题是为了说明什么;

一个是考美国人的家庭文化，“do it yourself “, 通过超市管理观念的改变去反应文化的变化;最后一个阅读又考了人工智能，包括人工智能的威胁与挑战，general AI

第六部分，汉译英，30分钟，50分。

Section 6:Translation(中译英)50分

翻译中文内容：讲生态文明的，包括生态治理，发扬生态治理精神，工业化进程给人们带来了物质财富。“生态兴则文明兴，生态亡则文明衰”，要贯彻“取之有度，用之有节”，“竭泽而渔”，“道阻且长，行则将至”

口译真题 第3篇

1 文化负载词及其汉英口译

“文化负载词” (Culturally-loaded words) 这一表达已不新鲜, 其概念也已被翻译界所特别描述过, 如包惠南和包昂把文化负载词称为词汇空缺, 意指在译语中根本无法找到源语里蕴含的文化信息的对应语 (包惠南, 包昂, 2004:10) 。廖七一教授也赞同并强调了文化负载词的“唯一性”及“排他性”, 指出“文化负载词是标志某种文化中特有事物的词、词组和习语, 反映了特定民族在漫长的历史进程中逐渐建积累的、有别于其他民族的、独特的活动方式” (廖七一, 2002:232) 。不难发现, 反映我国传统文化的词汇频频出现在中国近代文学作品和当今社会生活中。

而在“加大中国文化对外输出这一宏大文化战略考量的语境下” (吴建, 2008:42) , 口译领域也频繁冒出文化负载词。在一年一度的全国人民代表大会期间, 我国领导人在中外记者招待会上的发言往往就包含了丰富多彩的文化负载词。若这些文化负载词能被译员处理得恰如其分、恰到好处, 则不仅说话者的语言信息能得到有效传递, 且语言里的中华文化也能更好地向外传播, 从而有助于推进文化外交战略。

2 交际翻译与语义翻译

“交际翻译及语义翻译的提出者彼得纽马克是英国当代翻译家、翻译理论家, 其翻译理论以简明扼要、短小精悍见长。综观当前国内各家译论, 援引纽马克翻译论点者不在少数, 足可见其翻译理论在中国受重视的程度。而交际翻译和语义翻译当为其翻译理论的核心所在” (黄建凤, 冯家佳, 2010:110) 。

在专著《翻译问题探讨》 (Approaches to Translation) 中, 彼得纽马克首次较系统地介绍了交际翻译和语义翻译这对概念:“若要使译文对译文读者产生的效果尽可能接近原文对原文读者产生的效果, 则属于交际翻译法, 若想在译入语的合法语义和句法结构内最贴近地还原原文的确切意义, 则采用语义翻译法” (Newmark, 2001:39) 。“交际翻译以译语读者为着重考虑的对象, 尽力让译语读者接受原文的内容, 不给读者留下任何疑点和晦涩难懂之处;语义翻译以原文作者为出发点, 竭力将原文的信息贴切地传达出来。有时, 语义翻译还有解释的任务。例如, 当某个比喻直译成译文语言毫无意义时, 就必须加以解释” (黄建凤, 冯家佳, 2010:110) 。

从理论上讲, 交际翻译和语义翻译的侧重点都很明显, 交际翻译法侧重于要归顺译入语的语言表达习惯, 偏向“意译”和“归化”;语义翻译则更重视忠实于原语的语言表达习惯, 偏向“直译”和“异化”的性质 (刘士聪, 谷启楠, 1997:17) 。“语义翻译为了表现原作的思维过程, 力求保持原作的语言特色和独特的表达方式, 发挥了语言的表达功能;而交际翻译关键在于传递信息, 让读者去思考、去感受、去行动, 发挥了语言传达信息、产生效果的功能” (原虹, 2003:2) 。

3 在文化负载词汉英口译中的应用

如任文教授所言, “将笔译研究领域的相关理论和方法运用于口译研究, 有利于打破国内译学界两者长期以来相对隔膜、互不引用’的尴尬局面, 有助于进一步丰富整体翻译学科的研究内涵” (任文, 2010:59) 。受此理念的引导, 笔者以交际翻译和语义翻译为视角探讨文化负载词在汉英口译领域的处理方法。

3.1 交际口译

“交际翻译的方法是以读者为中心, 注重再现原文的要旨, 语言以读者能否接受为标准, 重视译文的社会影响和价值” (黄建凤, 冯家佳, 2010:110) 。若将该策略植入口译领域, 能推断出:交际翻译法以“听者”为中心, 注重再现“原语”的要旨, 语言以“听者”能否接受为标准, 重视“译语”的社会影响和价值。

若中方发言者所用的表达包含了文化隐含意义, 译员常常需要把此类表达转换为非隐含意义, 以方便现场的外国听众迅速理解。这是因为, 大多数英语母语者对中国文化都还陌生, 无法按照汉语母语者的文化背景去理解译语, 由于文化差异的客观存在, 便很可能无法理解甚至会误解说话者, 导致信息传递失败。为避免此现象, 译员在翻译此类词汇时, 常常要脱掉词汇的“文化外衣”, 只保留其实质意义, 用直白清晰的语言将实际内容表达清楚即可。例如:

例1李肇星:好多人问这个问题, 实际上你只要认清以下几点, 其他问题都会迎刃而解。 (2004年3月6日十届全国人大二次会议记者招待会)

Interpreter:There are a lot of people who have asked this question, but actually...So long as people realized the following things, this issue can be resolved very easily. (at the press conference for the Second Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress, March 6, 2004)

“迎刃而解”是一汉语成语, 出自《晋书杜预传》里“今兵威已振, 譬如破竹, 数节之后, 皆迎刃而解”, 意为:把竹子劈开口, 下面的一段竹子就迎着刀刃裂开了。比喻主要问题解决了, 其它的问题就很容易解决, 或比喻处理事情、解决问题很顺利。

中国听众对这一词语大都耳熟能详, 不会造成理解上的障碍, 但口译现场的外国记者和听众则不然。他们很可能对“迎刃而解”的文化渊源一无所知, 故译员不可能采取“逐字对译”的方法将中文对照着译成英文;同时, 由于口译具有“现场性、及时性和时限性” (任小平, 2000:40) 的要求, 译员又不可能在口译现场把这一成语讲解给外国听众, 故只能省略掉其文化内涵, 用平直的英语将“迎刃而解”译为“be resolved very easily”。此例中译员“难话巧说”, 尽管由于客观条件限制而无法有效传递相关文化意象, 但其在保证现场听众准确理解源语大意的前提下有利于实现译语整体的流畅和口译活动总体上的成功 (许明武、左洪芬, 2008:79-80) , 因而是可取的。

例2李肇星:我们希望日本今天的领导人能够将心比心, 拿出诚意, 不让过去人的历史问题成为包袱。 (2004年3月6日十届全国人大二次会议记者招待会)

Interpreter:We hope today’s leaders in Japan can put themselves in the shoes of other people and show sincerity, and not letting the history issue of people in the past become their own burdens. (at the press conference for the Second Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress, March 6, 2004)

此例中, 汉语成语“将心比心”被译为意思对应的英语习语“put themselves in the shoes of other people”, 足见译员双语功底之深厚。译员在此也执行了“交际口译”法, 视听众为中心, 以地道流畅的目的语再现源语的要旨, 保证听众对源语中文化负载词的迅速理解。

与上例不同的是, 该做法并没有完全牺牲掉源语的文化特征, 也并不是以直白的译语对源语文化负载词进行解释性的说明, 而是设法保留下源语的文化味道和文学色彩, 用目的语中对应的文化负载词贴切地传译源语中的文化负载词, 好处是便于英语听众获得对源语更透彻的理解与会心的欣赏。当然, 使这一处理可行并有效的前提是源语和目的语存在这样一种“令人欣慰与窃喜的对应”。

3.2 语义口译

“语义翻译的方法是以原文的词汇和句法结构为中心, 追求词义上的细微差别, 使译文尽可能贴近原文。 (黄建凤, 冯家佳, 2010:111) ”若将该策略植入口译领域, 能推断出:语义翻译法是以“讲话者发言内容”的词汇和句法结构为中心, 追求词义上的细微差别, 使“译语”尽可能贴近“发言信息”。

一些文化负载词在特定的语境中占据着至关重要的位置, 传达着关键信息, 而向外语听众解释这些词汇也不用花很多的功夫和时间。在这种情况下, 译员就可以根据临场情况, 适时地考虑采用语义翻译的方法并略加以解释说明。例如:

例3温家宝:行百里者半九十, 决不能半途而废。 (2005年3月14日十届全国人大三次会议记者招待会)

Interpreter:If a journey is 100 miles, traveling 90 is only half of it.We must not stop and we must not waste our previous efforts. (at the press conference for the Third Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress, March 14, 2005)

“行百里者半九十”是一条蕴含了深刻文化内涵的汉语习语, 也属于文化负载词, 出自《战国策秦策五》:“诗云:行百里者半九十。’此言末路之难也。”解释为走一百里路, 走了九十里才算是一半。比喻做事愈接近成功愈要认真对待。

不难看出, 在此例中, 译员尽量去保留讲话者发言内容的词汇和句法结构, 使译语尽可能贴近发言信息, 很可能也是抱着想最大限度反映原语社会民族文化特征的目的。但不知道是现场时间过于紧张还是译员稍有不慎, 却简单生硬地将“百里”的“里”译成了“英里”“mile”, 进而将“行百里者半九十”译为“If a journey is 100 miles, traveling 90 is only half of it”。殊不知, 由于思维模式、文化背景不同, 外国朋友很可能无法理解“90 miles”怎么只是“100 miles”的一半, 因此会感到诧异, 产生误解。

诚然, “优秀的口译员应懂的不仅仅是词汇, 而且还要包括文化特色, 并把该特色同时表达给听众” (张燕, 2002:58) 。为此, 笔者认为译员在采用语义口译法的同时应稍作必要说明, 以达到向外国友人有效传播我国悠久、独特文化的目的。笔者建议将该习语做如下处理:For a person traveling a hundredli journey, ninety 1i is only half of it.That is to say, the last bit of a task is often the hardest and should be treated most seriously.

仲伟合教授认为, 这样必要而简短的解释在口译中是允许和可行的:“译员口译所占的时间一般应为发言人讲话的3/4。偶尔遇到典故或文化沟’ (cultural gap) 需要解释, 占用较长的时间是在情理之中的。但译员翻译占用的时间不能总是超过发言人讲话的时间” (仲伟合, 2006:5) 。即只要运用得当, 该处理方式在文化负载词口译领域可被视为必要而合法。

3.3 对等口译

尽管汉英两种文化差异较大, 很多汉语文化负载词在英语中无法找到与其意象和意义均相对应的表达, 但英汉两种语言里仍然会出现一些完美的“契合”。在口译场合遇到这样的词汇, 译员完全能够做到并重地兼顾听众和讲话者;在再现源语要旨的同时完整保留讲话者发言内容的词汇和句法结构;保证译语自然流畅的解读并有效传递源语的语言文化特征;最终既实现了交际口译的效果, 又执行了语义口译的使命, 故可视为交际口译和语义口译的“完美结合” (笔者将这一结合称之为“对等口译”以示其达成的目的语与源语间最大程度的对等) , 从而达到“一举两得、事半功倍”的目标。如:

例4李肇星:血浓于水, 台湾问题还涉及中国13亿人的民族感情。台湾人民是我们的手足兄弟。 (2004年3月6日十届全国人大二次会议李肇星外长中外记者招待会)

Interpreter:Blood is thicker than water.The Taiwan question also touches upon the national sentiments of 1.3 billion Chinese people.People in Taiwan are our brothers and sisters sharing the same blood. (at the press conference for the Second Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress, March 6, 2004)

在汉语里, 四字成语“血浓于水”强调的是家庭关系的重要性。在英语里恰好能找到与之词汇、结构和文化内涵都基本对应的习语例子, 即“Blood is thicker than water”。这意味着英汉两种文化里的人们都重视家庭和血缘关系。类似的例子还有:狡猾如狐 (as sly as a fox) , 轻如鸿毛 (as light as a feather) , 祸不单行 (misfortunes never come singly) 等等。尽管汉语里绝大多数的典故、成语和俗语在英文中都没有十分准确的对等物 (counterpart) (易宏根, 2000:28) , 译员仍需在平时多加留心, 尽可能多地在自己的“头脑语库”里积累相关材料和知识, 以备将来能派上用场。

4 结束语

试从框架理论分析口译及口译学习 第4篇

【关 键 词】认知语言学 框架理论 口译

“框架理论”，认知语言学中一个重要理论，被广泛地运用于翻译特别是笔译的研究，很少设计口译研究。口笔译都属于翻译的范畴，但是两者不尽相同。在使用框架理论分析翻译时，有必要把两者分开分析。本文将从框架理论出发，结合口译的特征来探讨该理论对口译及口译学习有何指导作用；它在指导时是否存在不足等。

一、文献综述

Fillmore把框架理论引入语言学研究并定义框架为“认知结构，知识是预先由字词编码的概念”[1]。沈家煊认为框架是“人根据经验建立的概念与概念之间的相对固定的关联模式，对人来说，各种认知框架是自然的经验类型”[2]。认知语言学认为语言能力是人的认知能力的一部分，语言仅是对概念和经验的表述。人在经验的基础上形成了概念，概念与概念之间的相对固定的关联构成了框架。框架的基本特点是1、同一个认知框架下含有不同视角，因此表达方式会有所不同；2、认知框架有固定成分；3、框架内各个角色相联系，某个角色激活，整个认知框架可能被激活；4、认知框架有鲜明的文化特色。目前，语言学家对于框架理论下的翻译已经作出了许多的研究，如《从框架理论看翻译》、《框架理论与等值翻译》、《框架理论视角下的广告语隐喻翻译研究》等。大部分文献笼统地从翻译角度来分析；或者更多的文章则是注重框架理论指导下的笔译翻译。而本文则把口译单独提出，作文研究主体，探讨在口译的独特环境和要求下，框架理论的指导作用。

不同民族文化之间的往来交流历来是人类发展史中重要的活动。交流的成功与否很大程度上依赖翻译的到位与否。从认知语言学角度来看，“翻译从表面看是两种不同语言体系之间进行的转换，而在形式的背后，却存在着极其复杂的认知活动。这项活动是通过认知主体即译者完成的”[3]。“用框架理论来看翻译，就是译者在目的语中所采用的语言表达式能否启动与原语相同或相似的框架”[2]。认知主体在接受源语后，获取认知信息，启动认知框架，把源语转化成目标语。口译属于翻译范畴，通过认知主体接收原语，然后寻找相似的认知框架，选择最相近的认知框架或者通过调整框架结构来进行翻译。不同于其它翻译形式，口译具有以下几点特定：1、口译是一种具有不可预测性的即席双语传言活动；2、现场气氛压力大；3、交流的信息内容包罗万象等[4]。而根据口译的特点，评判口译的优劣有两条基本标准：一是准确，二是流利[4]。口译具有及时性、即习性、限时性、交互性、不可逆性等，因此对于口译的要求并不能像笔译翻译非信达雅不可，当然若能在准确和流利的基础上做到雅至好。

二、框架理论指导下的口译研究

1.口译认知框架的建立

语言是对经验框架的反映，不同的文化影响下，不同认知框架体现不同语言表达。口译员首先应该熟悉或是建立相似的认知框架。英汉属于不同的语系，表达有很大的不同。汉语多无主语结构，多并列句；英语很少。口译句式框架则以短句、主动句为主。英语口译人员翻译时，最先应该启动目标语的口译句式框架，避免中式英语或是美式汉语的出现。以温总理2011年记者会上的现场口译资料为例。“摆在我们面前的任务十分艰巨，国内外形势也非常复杂，做好各项工作，完成预期目标，需要付出极大努力。——We face extremely daunting tasks and complex domestic and international situations.We must work very hard if we are to achieve successes in our work on all fronts and meet the goals we have set.”这段翻译充分体现两种语言框架特性。译员若没有语言框架的认知，很难地道翻译，目标听众也不能很好理解意思。

框架的建立不仅指句式框架的建立,其他框架能否很好地建立也直接影响口译的质量。“实际上，在译员对源语进行理解并译出的过程中，有两条轴线的认知机制在同时发挥作用：一条是共时的认知轴；另一条是历时的认知轴”[2]。共时认知轴是指译员在口译现场迅速建立起的认知框架。译员通过对现场主题、参会人员、活动的正式程度等元素整合，建立框架。历时的认知轴是早已建立的认知框架，译员通过历时认知轴把共时认知轴信息联系在一起，激活相关认知框架。框架激活越多，现场口译成功可能性越高。

2.认知框架指导作用

框架的特点之一是框架成分中的一个角色的激活可能激活整个框架。从这一点可以看出译前准备的作用。共时认知轴建立让译员预测口译现场，这种预测跟口译内容正相关，促成成功传译。“人往往采取的是整体认知的方式，这种方式意味着听的一方不一定要听到听清说的一方的每个词语才能理解其意义，采用类比、比较和联系的方法，人往往可以通过意义的一个部分推测全部意义。”[2]根据凸显原则，口译中译员听取源语，更加注重重要的信息。凸显信息是主要框架成分，凸显信息的激活让译员激活整个框架，推测出整体意。口译活动具有时限，无论是源语的传达还是短时记忆都是转瞬即逝的。译员无法做到一字不漏地记录下源语，只能根据认知框架寻找逻辑顺序，还原意义，再通过目标语表达框架输出。框架成功激活让翻译意义完整连贯。

相同框架存在不同的视角，不同视角造成表达相异。译员在进行翻译工作时要尽量遵循话语人的视角，避免使用自身的观点对源语进行转译。翻译的立场视角问题十分复杂，特别是政治翻译，这里笔者把视角立场看作为客观的无明显争议的视角。温总理记者会上，韩国记者针对中国软实力提出问题，总理的回答有两个视角：中国政府和个人。“一个国家的实力不仅表现在经济上，而且表现在国民素质、文化发展和道德情操上。—I believe a country should not only be economically strong but also and more importantly be culturally strong and this is reflected in the educational level of its population, its cultural development and moral and ethical standards.”；“我们一定要充分发扬祖国的文化传统。同时我们也懂得，要学习和借鉴世界先进的文明。—We must bring into full play the strength of China’s cultural heritage and at the same time learn from and draw upon the fine achievements of other civilizations.”兩句中不同视角要求译员快速转换至说话人角度，作出翻译。在口译中，输入语视角问题值得译员注意。

框架具有文化性。几千年的历史造就灿烂的中华文化，诗歌成语更是瑰宝。中国人时常使用成语诗歌表达意思。汉英口译中不可避免地要将他们翻译成英语。口译的时限性，决定译员通常没有太多时间寻找对工整的翻译，地道翻译需要译员丰富文化框架储备。温总理在回答记者提问时就经常使用诗词。“亦余心之所向兮，虽九死其尤未悔。For the ideal that I hold near to my heart,I'd not regret a thousand times to die.”译员前半句是按照直译的方式来处理，后半句在直译的基础上同时也激活了文化认知。中文用就九来表示多，英文用千百表示多。英汉两种语言也有相似的框架，“一石二鸟”在英语中就有对应的表达。在口译过程中遇到诗词不用慌张，翻译时注意文化特性，选择接近框架。若无接近框架，则直接翻译意义，不必太过推敲句式句型，做到准确和流利即可。

三、框架理论指导缺陷

框架理论似乎可以指导口译不同环节。译员建立完备的认知框架，适时激活，便可以完成很好的翻译。但是事实并非如此。在温总理的记者会上，一个德国记者问道：about the constitution,I see that how little Chinese people concern about the changes of the constitution……作为译员，肯定知道little表示否定，但是译员却译为我看到这次中国群众对于修订宪法表示了极大的关注。这样的情况，框架理论的知识很难做出解释。时限性强、现场压力大，口译人员难免出错，在外界和心理因素干扰下，框架的指导意义便不再凸显。

四、结论

框架理论在口译前期准备和在译中阶段对于翻译有一些指导作用。框架理论的建立积累和口译的成功成正相关。口译的不可预测性，内容繁杂等特点可以在框架理论指导下得到很大程度的解决。但是现场口译的压力大，译员的心理因素等其他方面的干扰则会让框架理论失去指导作用。总体来说，在框架理论指导下，译员在译前应做好充足的准备工作，在译中积极激活相近框架，成功传译。本文仅尝试从框架理论上对口译做出了一个大概的分析，具有局限性。笔者希望可以通过这篇文章来丰富框架理论，并为口译分析提供一个新方向。

参考文献：

[1]Fillmore,Charles J.and Beryl T.Atkins.1992.Toward a frame-based lexicon:The semantics of RISK and its neighbors.Hillsdale,New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.

[2]仲伟合.巴比斜塔隐蔽的一面—通过同声传译揭开认知、智力和感知的面纱[J].中国翻译，2009（3）.

[3]谢之君.翻译中的隐喻性知识研究[J].上海科技翻译，2001（3）.

[4]梅德明，高级口译教程[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2010.

[5]汪立荣.从框架理论看翻译[J].中国翻译，2005（3）.

中级口译笔试真题解析 第5篇

Physical bullying is any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim. It is the most identifiable form of all. Verbal bullying is any injurious language or statement that causes the victim’s emotional suffering. Emotional bullying is any form of bullying that causes damanges to a victim’s emotional well-being.

The consequence of school bullying might be horrible. It is a major cause of school shooting. School shooters that died or committed suicide left behind evidence that they had been bullied. Therefore, enough attention should be given and practical measures should be taken by the school administration to address this issue.

在大多数学校，校园欺凌常有所闻。根据一项美国心理协会的调研，大约40%至80%的学龄儿童曾在他们的学校生涯中遭到欺凌。不论其年级水平、社会经济环境、性别及宗教信仰，校园欺凌可能会发生在任何人身上。教师们需要在一定程度上认识到这一问题，而认识这一问题首先要理解校园欺凌的三种形式：肢体欺凌、语言欺凌和情感欺凌。

肢体欺凌是指在欺凌者和受害者之间发生任何不必要的肢体接触。它是所有欺凌形式中最可识别的一种形式。语言欺凌是指导致受害者情感痛苦的任何伤害性的语言或陈述。情感欺凌是指伤及受害者情绪健康的任何形式的欺凌。

中级口译笔试真题解析 第6篇

博鳌，十多年前还是个鲜为人知的小渔村，现在已成为可以共商亚洲发展之计的大平台。博鳌是在中国和亚洲的开放发展中快速成长起来的，它的开放和变化表明了中国与亚洲，亚洲与世界的联系日益密切。

可以说，身在博鳌，能“博览天下，博采众长”，博鳌亚洲论坛是一个立足亚洲、面向世界、开放包容的大平台。博鳌亚洲论坛在凝聚亚洲共识、传播亚洲声音、促进亚洲合作方面发挥了重要作用， 已成为全球最具影响力的经济论坛之一。Boao, a rarely-known fishing village just one decade ago, has now evolved into a splendid platform for planning out the Asian blueprint. Maturing amid the advancement of China and Asia at large, its openness and progress sheds light upon the increasingly intimate connection between China and Asia, as well as that between Asia and the world.

With its footing in Asia, outlook towards the global and the accommodation for various opinions, Boao presents a worldwide panorama and an inclusion of all-aspect merits. Boao Asia Forum plays a vital role in grouping common grounds, amplifying Asia voice and boosting Asia cooperation, thus constituting one of the most influential economic forums in the world.