可持续化发展范文

可持续化发展范文（精选12篇）

可持续化发展 第1篇

可持续城市,又名城市的可持续发展。这两个名称分别表示的是城市的发展条件和状态。可持续城市,是未来我国城市的发展方向,值得进行深入探讨。

(1)资源角度。可持续城市,是建立一个以生存容量为基础的绿色花园城市。在城市中,应当合理地利用其资源, 原有浪费资源的工厂,应当不断改进其发展战略和技术工艺,做到真正地节能减排。在使用资源时,应注意合理循环使用,做到真正的可持续。

(2)环境角度。可持续城市发展应该解决城市污染问题。在发展城市经济时,不应当以破坏环境为代价,不能随意地把环境污染问题留给子孙后代。可持续城市的意义,就在于利用环境生态规律来解决城市环境问题。

(3)经济问题。可持续发展城市的核心,在于可持续发展的同时,做到城市功能结构和系统相互协调。城市可持续,应在资源最小利用的前提下,使城市经济稳步发展,绝对不能影响到广大人民群众的日常生活。同时,要注意高素质人才的培养,这样才能有助于城市新兴产业的崛起,以及加快城市转型的步伐。

(4)社会角度。可持续城市另一个追求目标是,建立一个人类相互交流、 信息传播及文化获得极大发展的城市。 以富有生机、稳定发展、公平公正为前提进行发展。不仅把一个城市作为整体考虑,而且也要使城市中各个阶段的人群,都能享受到相应的生活需要。所以可持续城市,是在满足经济发展趋势的同时,满足人们对生活品质的追求。

2宜居城市

宜居城市是指对城市是否适宜居住的综合评价,其评价指标有环境是否优美、社会生活的安全是否得到保障、城市文明是否在进步、经济是否健康增长、 生活品质是否满足人民群众的需求,由此可见宜居城市的评判标准较高。所以研究宜居城市,有助于城市的转型和健康发展。

(1)历史发展。中国的城市发展先后历经了以下几个阶段,分别是农业社会、工业社会、后工业社会、信息社会等。随着城市经济的迅速发展,城市开始出现交通拥挤、环境污染、空间紧张、 生态质量下降等一系列城市问题。但是, 由于人民群众的经济实力得到较大提升, 所以对生活质量的要求不断提升,这二者之间就存在矛盾。要解决这一矛盾, 就必须发展宜居城市。

(2)城市内涵。城市是一个区域的经济文化中心,大都从事非农业的工业活动。一般都具有强大的经济实力和先进的工业技术,而城市中一般人口较多, 所以还必须有充足的就业岗位。宜居城市应该经济持续繁荣的城市,也应该是文化丰富的城市,城市居民一般受教育水平较高。在日常的生活中,对城市的文化要求也比较严格,因为他们的文化活动频繁,这就需要城市中的文化设施建设齐备,这样才能满足人民生活的基本需要。并且,宜居城市应该是社会和谐的城市,一个城市只有治安稳定,各阶层相处融洽,才能进行各类社会活动和工业活动,才能更好地发展城市经济, 使得城市中的居民安居乐业。除此以外, 宜居城市还应该注意满足以下几个条件: 生活便捷舒适、环境优美宜人、有较强的抵御公共灾害的能力。

(3)宜居城市评选。1997年开始, 每年举办一次国际宜居城市的评选,其评选标准分为以下几点:景观园林的改善、文化遗产的保护、环境改善的实践、 公众的参与程度、城市的长远规划等数个角度。通过评选,2007年斯德哥尔摩排位全球十大宜居城市之首。

3资源城市转型

资源型城市的大概定义为:因煤炭、 石油等自然资源的开采,而兴起或快速发展的城市。这些城市的工业和经济总量在全国占据较高的份额,如煤炭、钢铁、有色金属冶金等都属于资源型城市。 针对这一城市的转型进行如下分析:

(1)资源型城市转型的背景及意义。资源型城市所面临的问题,主要集中在环境污染严重、产业结构单等。此外,由于自然资源储量是有限的,当自然资源无法继续开采的时候,该城市将进入资源枯竭期,从而导致资源型城市的发展出现一系列问题,尤其是经济问题。这就需要及时进行转型,否则可能引发一系列社会问题,所以,推进资源型城市转型是持续发展的必然选择。这样,才能既满足我们现今的需要,又不损害子孙后代且能满足他们的需求及健康发展。我国资源型城市超过一百个, 约占我国城市总数旳六分之一,是我国城市的重要组成部分。它们的发展或多或少存在问题,其中问题比较突出的是过度依赖资源及城市环境污染严重,要解决这些问题,就必须进行转型。

(2)资源型城市转型的基本特征。 资源型城市在转型的过程中,其自身的特点和转型目标决定其转型的基本特征。 总结一些发达国家的转型历程,尽管各国国情大不相同,但资源型城市转型也会有一些共同之处,下面针对其相同点进行分析:1转型的紧迫性。在我国, 有近百座资源型城市,其中资源型产业进入枯竭期的城市有二十五座,占总体的四分之一以上。在未来的十年之内, 进入资源枯竭型城市数量还将不断增加, 因为资源过度地开发和浪费,资源枯竭将成为必然趋势,而这其中的很多城市, 资源工业是城市的经济发展的重要支柱, 资源一旦枯竭,将严重阻碍城市的发展进程,所以城市转型已经迫在眉睫。2转型基础的薄弱性。我国资源型城市的发展要素都不太理想,资源型城市资本的内生能力较弱,而且环境污染问题严重,人才外流问题严重。城市中的很多新兴行业,缺乏高素质人才,水资源、 土地资源等在许多资源型城市中十分紧张,对于资源枯竭型城市,能源优势无法凸显;同时,城市基础设施普遍较为落后,市场体制也不完善,创新创业精神较弱,各类体制性的障碍较多。

4结束语

综上所述,对宜居型城市、可持续城市以及资源型城市转型的研究,有助于深入地了解这些城市类型的区别。同时,有助于推进我国资源型城市的可持续发展,也有助于新型城市的健康持续地发展,对其他国家资源型城市转型成可持续宜居城市发展也具有借鉴意义。

摘要：目前,城市化进程加快,已有超过半数的人居住在城市地区。随着能耗的增加和资源的减少,需要城市进行可持续宜居发展。我国人口众多,从资源消耗型城市转向可持续宜居型城市势在必行,文章针对这一转变进行研究。

关键词：可持续发展,城市转型,宜居城市

参考文献

[1]姚睿,胡兆量.北美澳洲工矿城镇发展研究[J].城市发展研究,1997,(1):43-46.

[2]陈旭升.资源型城市可持续发展研究[D].哈尔滨理工大学,2004.

[3]袁占亭.白银模式——资源型城市转型与区域的工业化[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2010.

小组建设之可持续健康发展 第2篇

——读《做一个不再瞎忙的班主任》（4）

小组作为班级的基本活动单位，运行的过程中充满艰难和坎坷，一不小心，就会隐去小组成立的意义。使小组这样一个平台良好的运行，梅老师总结的班级活动平台运行的几个基本要素给了我很大的启发。

首先要有明确的活动目标。“在构建平台之后，最重要的一项工作就是为平台的发展设定理想的目标，让理想的目标引领每一个委员朝这个目标前进。”“在目标引领下，班级就会形成追寻目标的氛围，氛围又会进一步促成目标的达成以及平台的顺畅运转。”

我们的小组有着先天的不足，尽管每个小组都有明确的学习目标，但这是千篇一律的，有共性的要求，而缺少个性发展的空间。小组各有组名，但这个组名只在小组成员为自己取名字时进行过讨论、创造，但今后的小组运行过程中，其影响就变得微乎其微。有的小组也有自己的口号，但口号过于单一的围绕学习或者大而空，起不到目标引领的作用。有专长的小组运行起来就会显得更具体，更实在，同时也能跟学生的生活、心理紧密结合起来。下一步，可以在原有的基础上引导各小组选定一个领域，制定具体的目标，形成类似于班级委员会的组织。这样做应该是有一定基础的。本学期，我们班小组的组合采取的是组长和组员双向选择制度，尊重学生意愿，按照各自特点进行组合。这样，在“志同道合”方面应该没有什么问题。关键是目标的选择上，班主任需要做一些培训。

其次是明确的活动理念。这里有三点，分别是服务共享、良性竞争和通力合作。

“如果让孩子们做到最好，就需要他们之间有竞争。班级委员会的好处就在于竞争是集体与集体之间的竞争，是良性的竞争……活动任务的获得是竞争的结果，谁能竞争到，谁才是这项活动的执行者，这样，孩子们就会将任务转化为荣耀，由传统的接受任务的被动性，转化为为荣誉而工作的主动性，这样，整个班级的活动就会充满生机与活力。”

是的，换个角度就有不一样的收获。学生往往对直接派来的任务没有多大感觉，很多都是在严密的监督之下完成，既没有动力，也没有质量。如果以“招标”的形式让各个小组“竞标”，这个过程本身就让学生动了起来，无论成功与失败都有了参与的机会，事情做起来就显得简单了。

“竞争是团队之间的行为，而合作则是班集体的行为。”

“竞争本是生物学的关系之一，是指在两者或两者以上发生的行为，是指为了己方的利益而跟人争胜，是个人或者团队为了达到某种目标，努力争取其中所需求的对象。竞争的起源更是带有损人利己的因素的。因此，当我们把竞争引入教育中时，就要注意剔除其中恶的因素。因为教育本质上是一种引导全体受教育者向善的行为，而不是成全一部分人而遗弃一部分人的行为。”

班级活动平台的运行确实是一个系统的工程，任何一个环节都不能出现疏漏。既要利用有效竞争确保平台精神资源的鲜活，还要引导学生通力合作，为整个班级的发展做贡献。

活动平台有了以上要素的基本支撑，还需要有清晰的活动规划。所以，各个小组选定了自己的活动方向之后，特别重要的一件事就是为本组本学期的活动制定详细的规划，固定下来，目标的实现就不再是空话。

可持续化发展 第3篇

关键词：乡村旅游现状分析市场前景分析可持续发展对策思考

1目前我国乡村旅游的发展现状

我国的乡村旅游起步较晚，目前尚处于从导入期向成长期过渡的阶段。乡村旅游的发展速度较快，各种农业观光园、农家乐、采摘节等乡村旅游形式在各地大量涌现。总的来说，乡村旅游在空间布局上主要分布于都市郊区、远离客源的景区和老少边穷地区。乡村旅游的发展为各地带来了一定的经济效益，对于解决“三农”问题起到了一定的积极意义，同时也满足了城市居民回归自然和体验传统生活方式的心理需求。具体来讲，我国的乡村旅游发展中存在着不少急需解决的问题：①对乡村旅游内涵的认识不足，乡土特色不明显。忽视了乡土性是乡村旅游的核心特征和基本依托点，盲目引进工业化、城市化的旅游产品形式；②多数地区缺少对乡村旅游的总体规划，一般是在原有农业经济和设施的基础上稍加改动就开始接待游客；③产品形式单一，参与性不强，产品雷同现象严重；④基础设施和旅游配套设施不健全。主要表现为一些乡村地区的交通状况和周围环境状况较差等；⑤在管理上尚未建立科学的管理制度与方法。

2我国乡村旅游发展的市场前景分析

乡村旅游是指以当地农民为经营主体，以农民所拥有土地、庭院、经济作物以及地方民俗、文化等资源为特色和依托，以为游客提供游憩、休闲、参与、娱乐活动等服务为经营手段的一种旅游产品。它具有乡土性、原生性、可参与性、文化性、体验强等特征。正因为如此，乡村旅游发展势头良好，且发展潜力巨大。

首先，乡村旅游将继续享有广阔的市场前景和发展空间。这一方面是由国家对农村问题日益重视的宏观政策环境决定的；另一方面也是由不断扩大的市场空间决定的，即工业化带来了更多的有逃离工业环境需求的城市人口。

其次，乡村旅游将沿着与生态旅游、文化旅游紧密结合的方向发展。相对于欧洲国家对发展乡村旅游的绿色内涵的重视、日本对发展乡村旅游的社会传统文化的重视，我国发展乡村旅游在现阶段则侧重于其带来的经济效益。这是我国的国情决定的，但随着经济的发展和供需主体素质的提高，乡村旅游的生态内涵和文化内涵必然得到进一步发掘。这也是与我国传统的“天人合一”的哲学思想和当前构建和谐社会的发展思路相符的。

最后，本土化是实现乡村旅游可持续发展的关键因素。乡村旅游对乡土民俗文化、乡土地域特征强烈的依附关系决定了乡村旅游的发展，最终离不开当地居民的积极参与，这就需要纯朴的民风来创造一个对旅游者具有亲和力和吸引力的氛围环境，合理的利益分配机制来保障乡村旅游持续发展的生命力。

实践证明，发展乡村旅游对促进地方基础服务设施的改善、调整农村经济产业结构、扩大农副产品的销售渠道、转移农村剩余劳动力、增加就业机会、拓宽农民增收渠道、提高农业经济综合效益、增强农民市场意识和转变观念、提高村民文明素质、促进城乡经济交流与精神文明建设等方面都将起到重要作用。

3在我国探索乡村旅游可持续发展道路的对策建议

开发乡村旅游，鼓励农民依托当地资源拓宽致富渠道，应当同时注意到乡村旅游的发展很大程度上依赖于独具特色的乡村风光和人文资源。在我国探索乡村旅游可持续发展道路上，对如何解决诸多的矛盾问题，实现乡村旅游的可持续发展积累了一些成功的经验。笔者认为，制定乡村旅游可持续发展的对策应从以下几个方面进行考虑和把握：

3.1乡村生态环境的可持续发展良好的生态环境是实现我国乡村旅游可持续发展的重要基础。在乡村旅游开发中，首先要考虑生态系统的可持续性发展问题，要充分考虑当地的自然承载能力和社会承载力，预测旅游开发对环境的影响和生态成本，进行生态监测，使之符合当地经济发展状况和社会道德规范的要求，最终建立“以生态促旅游，以旅游养生态”的可持续经营模式。其次，要使乡村的生态环境能可持续发展，必须加强生态环境教育，提高乡村旅游开发者、管理者、旅游者的环保意识，发挥正面的示范和引导作用。只有注重乡村生态环境的保护、改善和经济投入，才能使乡村旅游地的生态环境在旅游发展中得到持续、健康、协调的发展。

3.2乡村人文资源的可持续发展要实现乡村旅游人文资源的可持续发展，首先在开发的价值导向上就一定要加强乡村旅游地居民对传统文化、民俗文化价值的宣传，提高当地居民的素质，激发起对地方文化的认同感和自豪感、自信感，不能因为它与城市文化反差太大而极力地去摒弃它。相反，更应保持其特有的乡村特色来吸引城市的游客。其次要对游客加强尊重接待地社会文化和风俗习惯的宣传教育，使游客了解并尊重当地的民风民俗。再次要把握好乡村民俗文化旅游资源开发的“度”和“范围”，要以自然资源、人文资源的和谐统一为原则，在充分尊重当地人文资源的独特性和不断挖掘其人文内涵的基础上，以市场为导向，使游客享受丰富多彩的乡村文化。只有这样，才能使人文资源在乡村旅游活动中达到可持续发展。

3.3乡村经济的可持续发展乡村生态的可持续发展、资源的有效利用和管理是乡村旅游经济效益可持续发展的前提条件。所以，在乡村旅游的开发中，要以高质量的乡村生态环境获取经济的高速发展，而不能以牺牲环境效益和社会效益为代价、以短期的粗放经营行为来获得一时的眼前利益。要把经济可持续发展思想具体运用到乡村旅游的经营与管理的活动中去，指导乡村旅游的产、供、销活动，并通过有效的规划、管理、制度建设等措施，寻求最大限度地满足游客对乡村旅游资源的享受与环境保护之间的平衡和协调发展。只有这样，才能最终实现乡村旅游经济效益的可持续发展。

3.4正确把握好“市场主导”与“政府引导”之间的关系我国乡村旅游发展的历史经验表明，在过去十几年间，围绕大都市周边自发形成了一个旅游业的分支产业——乡村旅游(过去叫做“观光农业”)。在各地的乡村旅游发展初期，政府直接介入的案例很少。正是政府极少干预，乡村旅游产品随着市场的演替自生自灭，广州、杭州周边几个过去叫得非常响的乡村旅游产品已经烟消云散。

完全依靠政府财政支持乡村旅游的发展是行不通的，毕竟，政府财政要保障社会公平，不然，对于没有条件开发旅游的乡村就是一种不公平：忽视政府的作用，或者说政府不去主动介入，放任自流的做法也是政府的一种失职行为。因此，应当处理好市场运作与政府监管的关系，政府既不能越位，也不能缺位。

旅游业自身的行业特征和国内外发展旅游的实践表明，旅游业是一个政府主导型的特殊产业类型。而近年来，杭州、成都等地乡村旅游的实践证明：乡村旅游同样离不开政府必要的支持和引导。具体讲，一是促进思想认识上的统一，调动包括农民、村委、乡镇发展积极性；二是抓好典型，以点带面。通过评比、召开现场会等手段推进科学发展。三是政策引导。通过政策倾斜，引导农户和经营者投资旅游业。四是加强监管。通过推广相关标准规范服务内容，制定规划规范产品开发方向，保障乡村旅游可持续发展。五是科学指导。农户搞旅游，往往是摸着石头过河，有着很大的风险。为降低这种风险，政府要主动召集相关专家借智借脑，对农户进行指导，可以少走弯路。

4结束语

可持续化发展 第4篇

1 森林可持续经营

1.1 概念及目标

森林可持续经营即通过对森林生态系统进行科学的管理和合理的经营, 达到维持森林生态系统健康和维护生物多样性以及保证正常的生态过程, 以实现社会经济发展对森林产品和森林环境的服务功能的需求, 从而保障并促进人口、资源、环境与社会经济的共同的持续协调发展[1]。

森林可持续经营的目标可具体为社会目标、经济目标和环境目标。具体分别体现在:社会目标, 即为人类生存和发展提供林产品和就业机会以及满足人们的精神需求等。经济目标, 即带动林产工业发展, 并促进旅游、畜牧业等相关行业的发展, 并为国家或区域尺度的防灾减灾做贡献。环境目标, 即涵养水源、保持水土、净化空气、碳吸存以及生物多样性保护等。

1.2 主要任务及实现途径

森林资源可持续经营的主要任务是建立一种经营运行机制, 使其达到生态合理、经济可行, 并能被社会所接受, 即在森林能够可持续的前提下, 尽可能追求较高的经济和生态产出[2,3]。

森林可持续经营可以从微观和宏观两种经营途径实现。微观经营途径, 即通过建设微观经营主体和构建微观经营技术体系实现。宏观经营途径, 即通过政府宏观调控、市场经济调控以及公众参与等途径实现。

1.3 森林可持续经营标准及指标体系

森林可持续经营标准及指标体系, 有国际水平、国家水平和区域水平3个层次。其中, 国际水平的指标体系有9个, 参与其中的国家和地区大约有150个, 各个体系的内容都包括了林木资源与生产性功能状况、生物多样性、森林健康状况、森林保护功能以及社会经济效益、政策和法律等内容。国家水平的标准和指标体系, 是各个国家依据其国情建立的, 但共同的原则是, 都要与国际研究接轨。目前, 新西兰、日本、俄罗斯等国, 都先后制定了国家级的标准和指标体系框架, 我国也于2002年正式发布实施了《中国森林可持续经营标准与指标》。区域水平的标准与指标体系, 结合了各个地区的实际情况, 更具有实践意义, 如我国林都伊春市、江西分宜县等地区均建立了适合自身生产发展情况的森林可持续经营指标体系。

2 林业可持续发展

2.1 原则和目标

林业可持续发展遵循的原则是可持续性、和谐型以及公益性原则, 同时兼具生态经济、系统性以及生物多样性原则。目标是合理利用林地, 保证林地质量不下降、物种数不减少的情况下, 充分发挥森林的生产潜力、生态效益和防护效益。

2.2 评价技术手段和指标体系

评价林业可持续发展的技术手段主要有:地理信息系统方法、系统动力学方法和资产核算方法。

林业可持续发展指标体系的建立, 要遵循科学、可测、层次以及可比性等原则, 注重森林生态系统的承载力、稳定性、调控力和生产力的同时, 将区域可持续发展评价的相关内容进行吸收整合, 以便做出客观公正的评判。

2.3 生态林业

生态林业是应用生态经济学原理 (物种共生互利、生态位等) 及当地自然条件和资源, 建立的生态经济型的绿色产业体系, 它是现代林业建设的发展模式之一[4]。生态林业是基于传统的林业对木材等资源的大量消耗和对生态环境的破坏而提出的, 既考虑了当代人对林产品的需求, 又考虑了后代人的需求。因此, 其在宏观上提出了森林分类经营的概念, 即将现有的森林分为商品林和公益林, 针对不同类别, 采用不同的经营手段, 进而实现了可持续发展的战略[5]。

3 我国林业可持续发展战略

要想实现林业的可持续发展, 首先必须要突破传统的观念, 保证生态和经济在地位上的平等, 吸收国外先进经验, 以促进我国林业可持续发展。可以采用如下措施:改变以牺牲和破坏环境为代价而发展经济的做法, 树立经济发展与人口、资源和环境相互协调的整体观念。制定与国际社会相接轨的林业新政策。建立健全林业可持续发展的核算体系、林价制度、林业生态环境税等制度。增加林业的投资力度, 鼓励造林育林, 提高森林覆盖率。提高木材的综合利用率, 发展可持续的林产品贸易。增强国际交流合作, 推进我国的林业科技进步。

4 结语

森林可持续经营与林业可持续发展是林业未来发展的必由之路, 因此, 要重视现有林业管理体制的改革, 积极调整林业产业结构, 并探索适合林业经济发展和生态体统保护相结合的可持续的管理策略, 最终建立可持续发展的森林生态系统管理模式。

参考文献

[1]张守攻, 朱春全, 肖文发.森林可持续经营导论[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 2001:36.

[2]候元兆.林业可持续发展和森林可持续经营的框架理论[J].世界林业研究, 2003, (2) :1-6.

[3]黄选瑞, 张玉珍.森林可持续经营基本任务与实现途径[J].中国人口、资源与环境, 1999, (04) :80-84.

[4]陈炳浩.我国林业持续发展的原则、内容和途径[J].世界林业研究, 1994, (02) :19-25.

可持续化发展 第5篇

宁夏可持续农业发展战略及其实现途径

论述了宁夏可持续农业发展战略及面临的种种挑战,分析并提出实现宁夏可持续农业发展的具体措施.

作 者：岳克俭  作者单位：宁夏农牧厅项目办公室,宁夏,银川,750001 刊 名：宁夏农林科技 英文刊名：NINGXIA JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 年，卷(期)：2002 “”(3) 分类号：F32 S-O 关键词：农业   可持续发展   宁夏  

重视高职文科的可持续健康发展 第6篇

这与目前行业对人才需求的状况是不尽相符的。随着我国产业结构的不断调整优化，现代服务业对人才的需求是迅速增长的。高职文科培养的是从事基层服务和管理的人才，工作涉及的是对人和资源的管理与服务，其要求文科生不再局限某一特定职业岗位的技能，而必须具备对多岗位的适应能力、团队合作能力、自我调节能力。

然而，高职教育呈现在公众面前的形象就是“技能型”人才培养。“技能”一词显然更偏向于技术型的高职工科教育，而这也是公众普遍承认的高职教育区别于普通本科教育的关键之处。对于不那么强调“硬技术”的高职文科类专业而言，其培养的文科生则往往被忽视，这从全国职业院校技能大赛上可见一斑：高职组竞赛大项目共十个，除了英语口语，再找不到涉及其他文科专业内容的比赛项目。高职文科另一个比较尴尬的方面则是很难出名师，高职工科教师如果技术能力出众，特别是在技能大赛上所带弟子有所收获，往往容易脱颖而出。而高职教育对文科教师评价标准的可行性并不高，文科教师得到的认同远远低于工科教师，难免会产生不平衡感。因此，高职文科要实现可持续健康发展，还需要在以下方面下功夫。

一是在宏观上设置适应社会需求的文科课程体系。随着产业结构的调整加速，尤其是城市第三产业有了巨大的发展，相应对技能人才的需求也有所改变。高职院校对文科专业体系的设置，要兼顾产业的最新发展，并针对服务地方经济社会发展而进行统一规划，专业和课程的设置要符合当地主导优势产业的需求，从宏观上保证文科教育开展的实效性。

二是在技能大赛上增加文科的竞赛项目。高职文科要提升其地位与影响力，展示教学成果，文科生要展示才干，“技能大赛”确实是一个绕不开的话题。技能大赛是最能展示文科教学成效和提高品牌效应的平台，给予文科生在技能大赛上足够的展示机会，是高职文科走出改革道路的关键一步，具有很重要的现实意义。这就需要高职院校勇于探索，挖掘出适用文科生实际情况、可操作性较强、行业企业认可的比赛项目。其实在高职文科的课程设置中，不乏在实际工作中运用面很广的比赛项目，例如营销技能、广告策划、演讲口才、书法绘画、导游技能、酒店服务等，这些课程完全可以设置为比赛的项目，展示高职文科类专业学生的专业素质，体现高职院校人才培养的质量，扩大高职院校的影响力。有条件的地区或高职院校甚至可以将“技能大赛”直接分为文科类和工科类两种，把文科类的技能大赛项目单独拿出来设置比赛，并吸引更多的企业和单位参与进来，以提高赛事的专业性，扩大影响范围，形成自己独特的品牌。

三是为高职文科教师制定合理的评价体系。科研与职称评定是文科类高职专业建设与教师队伍建设的一个重要的环节。目前，高职教育统一以科技创新、科研成果、科研立项为主要评价方式，即适应高职工科教学评价，这对高职文科教师而言，无疑会减弱其事业进取心。因此，我们不仅要关注高职文科专业的设置与发展，还要研究其独立的评价体系，改变以往文科教师职称评定的方式。高职文科教师科研业绩评价体系要向着评价标准多元化、评价方法科学化的方向发展，在以科研为主的评价基础上，逐步向对教学实效或技能大赛获得成果的评定转变，充分调动文科教师的积极性。

总之，对高职文科的发展，高职院校应结合工科的发展，进行分类研究、分类指导、分类管理和评价，并进行专题的研究，建立适用于文科的评估标准与长效研究机制，以实现高职文科的可持续健康发展。

推广保护性耕作,发展可持续农业 第7篇

湟中县现有人口48.66万人, 占青海省总人口的1/7, 既是青海省人口的大县, 又是青海省的农业大县。自从20世纪50年代开始, 随着人口的增长, 粮食需求量的增加, 在“以粮为纲”错误政策指导下, 农民为了生产出更多的农产品, 不顾生态效益和社会效益, 在眼前利益的驱动下, 采取了掠夺和粗放性的生产手段:一是毁林毁草开荒造田, 造成了大面积地表的裸露;二是大量应用铧式犁翻耕, 使土壤细碎干旱, 从此生态环境日益恶化。

2 生态环境恶化的后果

1) 沙尘暴频繁发生。由于大量农田的裸露, 当起大风时, 便将农田中大量细小的土粒带到空中飘到几千米甚至几百千米以外的地方, 便形成了浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴。

2) 水土流失加剧。由于暴雨的侵袭, 地面表层大量含有氮磷钾的肥沃土壤被洪水冲走, 破坏了土壤的养分, 耕地变的越来越贫瘠, 而且沟壑纵横, 加剧发水土的流失。

3) 土地沙化趋势严峻。干旱少雨, 使裸露的土壤风蚀严重, 沙漠化趋势加快。到目前为止, 湟中县土地沙化面积高达1 000hm2多, 且在逐年扩大。

4) 自然灾害增多。由于环境恶化, 导致气候变异, 农业自然灾害增多。由于环境的恶化, 导致气候变异, 农业自然灾害增多。干旱、冰雹、雪灾、洪涝的频繁发生, 对农业的危害日趋严重, 形成了生态破坏——自然灾害增多——农业减产——农民贫困的恶性循环。

3 推广保护性耕作技术

近年来, 我县认识到了植被破坏, 环境恶化的严重性, 进行了大规模的植树造林, 退耕还林还草的工作, 环境恶化的势头有所抑制。但是没有从根本上得到全面的治理, 自然灾害仍然发生, 农业产量低而不稳。其原因是退耕还林还草, 只能退掉一些贫瘠的陡坡地, 而较为肥沃在平地和缓坡地是农民赖以生存的口粮田, 是退不掉的。湟中县还有6.01万hm2的干旱裸露地, 这就是形成沙尘暴和水土流失的来源地。因此, 怎样解决农村生态环境恶化又促进农业增效, 实现人与自然和谐相处的可持续发展之路是十分必要的。

我县紧紧抓住被农业部确定为“西北风沙源头区保护性耕作示范县”的机遇, 加强领导, 采取措施, 狠抓落实, 在鲁沙尔镇、上新庄镇、汉东乡、大才乡建立了保护性耕作项目试验示范区, 试验推广了秋季留茬, 免耕播种, 药剂机械除草灭虫以及深松等保护性耕作技术831hm2。在多次试验的基础上, 逐步探索总结出了一套适应青藏高原冷凉地区气候特点的保护性耕作技术实施要点。

1) 技术模式。我县针对冷凉气候, 干旱少雨, 风沙严重的特点, 主要以防风固土, 增加土壤有机质含量和蓄水保墒为目标, 根据农机与农艺相结合的原则, 借鉴外地经验, 制定了以下两种技术模式。一是秸秆残茬覆盖+免耕播种。主要适宜在土壤较松软的地块和种植小麦作物。二是秸秆残茬覆盖+浅旋+免耕播种。主要适宜地表坚硬, 留茬较高的地块和种植油菜作物。

2) 秸秆覆盖。秋季收割时, 主要采用联合收割机作业秸秆的留茬高度小麦为25cm以上, 油菜为40cm以上。残茬覆盖越冬, 覆盖率为45%以上。

3) 浅旋作业。春播前, 耕地表土经药剂处理后进行浅旋作业。浅旋耕应与秸秆粉碎还田一次完成, 浅旋深度小于8cm, 秸秆破碎率长度小于9cm, 残茬覆盖率为30%以上。

4) 免耕播种。用免耕播种机播种时, 小麦播种量为300kg/hm2左右, 播种深度为3~4cm, 施肥深度为6~8cm。免耕播种应采用沟播机, 有利于借墒保苗, 蓄水抗旱。播行要直, 播深要一直, 不重播漏播。

5) 草虫防治。农机与农艺植保部门紧密结合, 用机动喷雾机和手动喷雾机, 按时科学进行统防统治, 作物苗期进行人工除草并追施肥。

6) 机械深松。应根据土质和墒情, 每2~3年在秋季进行一次机械深松作业。深度为25~30cm。

4 实施保护性耕作技术效果

机械化保护性耕作技术在我县经过多年试验示范, 与常规播种机相比, 具有以下优点。

1) 减少了土壤水份的蒸发。项目区由于作物秸秆、残茬覆盖了地表, 有效接纳了天然降水, 减少了地表经流和土壤水份的蒸发, 土壤含水量平均增加了1.8%。起到了蓄水保墒的作用。

2) 改善了土质。由于秸秆还田腐烂后, 使土壤疏松透气, 有机质含量增加, 肥力提高。

3) 提高了产量。试验田小麦平均千粒重增加5.8g, 增产261kg/hm2, 增幅为7.2%。试验田油菜平均千粒重增加0.3g, 增产209.5kg/hm2, 增幅为9.3%。

4) 降低了生产成本。保护性耕作技术, 由于农田不进行翻耕作业, 减少了2~3次作业工序, 平均降低生产成本375~525元/hm2。

5) 保护了生态环境。保护性耕作技术, 用秸秆覆土, 根茬固土, 减少了土壤风蚀、水蚀和水土流失, 抑制了大风扬尘和沙尘暴的发生, 保护了生态环境。

5 加大保护性耕作的建议

由于农民形成了长期应用铧式犁耕作的传统习惯和没有充分认识到环境恶化的严重性, 目前全面推广保护性耕作技术还有一定的难度。因此, 建议采取以下措施加大推广力度。一是要加大宣传力度, 提高广大农民群众的环保意识。二是要加强组织领导, 协调好农机与农艺、植保、种子、气象等部门的关系, 团结协作解决技术难题。三是要加大资金投入, 坚持国家、地方、个人一起上, 多渠道、多层次筹集资金, 增加配套机具。四是要加强技术指导工作, 培训操作人员, 排查各种疑难问题, 做好服务工作。

参考文献

[1]董成发, 赵站兴.推广保护性耕作发展可持续农业[J].农业机械, 2009, (20) :53-54.

可持续化发展 第8篇

所谓土地资源的可持续利用即是要实现土地生产力的可持续增长和及其长期稳定性, 保护土地资源的生产潜力和防止退化, 同时达到土地供求的持续平衡促进社会、经济、环境、资源的协调发展, 实现良好的经济、生态和社会效益, 保证经济的可持续发展。

二、土地资源可持续利用在经济可持续发展中的地位及作用

在资源-环境-经济发展中, 土地资源处于基础地位, 是经济与社会发展的物质基础。土地资源的可持续利用是实现我国经济可持续发展的基本保障。随着现代社会经济的快速发展, 尤其是城市化、城镇化进程的加快, 人类活动范围的扩大, 土地资源越来越紧张, 其破坏与污染越来越严重, 严重制约了经济的可持续发展。土地可持续利用是社会经济持续发展的前提。其已是当今世界土地科学面临的紧迫课题, 尤其是我国人口众多经济处于高速发展阶段, 土地资源的可持续利用尤其重要。如何有效推进与发展土地资源的可持续利用, 成为一个国家或地区经济发展的基本命题。

三、我国土地资源利用现状及对经济可持续发展的制约

我国人均土地资源占有量少, 土地资源相对紧缺, 分布不平衡, 后备资源很难得到保证。早在2006年的土地利用调查结果显示:全国耕种的耕地面积为12339.22万hm2, 园地1108.16万hm2, 林地23396.76万hm2, 牧草地26311.18万hm2, 其他农用地2550.83万hm2, 居民点及独立工矿用地2535.42万hm2, 交通运输用地214.52万hm2, 其余为未利用地。近几年大力推进工业化、城市化进程中, 工业园区建设、城镇扩张、大规模公路铁路基础设施建设、工业三废对土地的污染等等, 这些行为正在侵蚀我国大量土地资源, 尤其是耕地资源, 造成土地资源短缺与经济高度发展之间的矛盾日益突出。对于我国13亿人口的大国来讲, 在人均占有土地资源较低的情况下, 推进土地资源可持续利用对保持经济可持续快速发展起着极其重要的作用。

针对我国土地资源形式, 总的来说比较严峻, 发展机遇大于挑战。我国正处于全面建设小康社会的关键时期, 工业化、城镇化、市场化、国际化步伐加快, 各种资源消耗快速增长, 尤其土地资源状况对经济发展构成严重制约, 国土资源在经济社会发展中的地位和作用更加重要, 同时也存在突出矛盾。当前, 国土资源已经成为经济社会发展的重要制约因素。从基本国情看, 土地资源与经济社会的矛盾突出, 主要表现是人口多, 人均耕地少, 土地质量不高, 耕地后备资源不足, 耕地逐年减少, 从1998年全国耕地面积的19.45亿亩, 到2005年则减少到18.31亿亩, 原因很多, 包括耕地污染, 工业园区建设等等。社会经济的快速发展, 矿产资源需求量快速增长, 矿产资源的大量过度采掘, 严重破坏了我国土地资源, 地表沉降、土地盐碱化、土地砂石化等, 对土地资源可持续利用造成极大障耐。失去了土地资源的基本保障, 经济建设由如空中楼阁, 经济的可持续发展更是无稽之谈。耕地是粮食生产最重要的物质基础, 是农民最基本的生产资料和最基本的生活保障, 农民提供了60%到80%的生活必需品, 严格保护耕地对维护国家粮食安全和维护社会稳定有重要意义。只有社会稳定, 才能保证我国经济可持续良好发展。

四、如何高效可持续利用土地资源, 促进经济可持续发展

从发展趋势看, 土地资源与经济社会发展的矛盾将长期存在。在近十几年期间即是我国经济发展的“战机遇期”, 也是土地资源供求矛盾的凸显期, 建设用地仍进一步增加。因此高效可持续利用土地资源, 保障和促进我国经济可持续发展具有战略意义, 是经济可持续发展的前提和基础。

无论在城市还是在农村, 要想使社会经济得到良性发展, 首先需要解决土地问题, 使土地供需与经济发展达到接近平衡状态。土地是有限的, 需求是无限的, 尤其是经济建设高速发展的当今社会, 对土地资源的依赖需求越来越多。这该如何解决呢?那就是高效持续利用土地资源。我们可以利用现代科技的发展成果, 促进土地利用的水平和效率。用更有效的技术来开发利用土地资源, 消除限制土地充分利用的障碍;从土地的集约利用和产出能力出发, 我们可以在现有土地上增加劳动和资本的投入, 提高土地的产出能力;也可以加强对土地利用的管理, 规范人们利用土地的行为, 实现土地资源的合理配置。节约用地, 集约用地, 保护耕地, 提高土地资源质量, 在有限的资源上产出更高的经济效益, 应该是土地资源可持续利用的本质所在。

首先从城市用地角度来分析此问题。目前国家推进城市化步伐越来越快, 很多一二线城市狂张非常迅猛, 城市外延不断扩大, 失地农民变成城镇人口。在这种情况下, 需要调整城市用地结构, 合理空间布局, 减少重复建设, 节约土地, 创建生态城市, 创造高质高效的城市投资环境, 促进城市经济发展, 降低城市规模过度膨胀。建立健全城市土地管理机制, 提高城市土地利用程度, 建立合理城市体系, 加强旧城改造, 是城市土地的空间资源得到充分利用。将农地保护指标纳入城市土地可持续利用评价体系。从粮食安全与区域土地资源协调持续利用角度出发, 城市土地可持续利用首先必须考虑城市范围内农业用地的利用情况, 尤其是耕地的生产力及保有量等情况, 认为农地是构成城市土地持续利用的资源条件之一。

其次农村拥有着大量土地资源, 农村土地的可持续利用对农村经济发展起着决定性作用。但是建设占用耕地现象呈加速增长趋势建设用地结构及不合理土地利用粗放低效。因此耕地保护, 集约、节约用地减少盲目建设、重复建设是我们首要做的。第二, 调整用地结构, 提高耕地质量, 在有限的资源上做最大产出。第三, 降低工业三废、矿产开发对土地资源的污染破环, 改良废弃土地, 使其物尽其用。

总之土地可持续利用是实现生态、经济和社会可持续发展的必然要求, 土地是财富之源, 是现代社会经济发展的基础和保障, 利用科学发展观处理土地资源可持续利用过程中出现的问题, 推动土地资源可持续利用对促进我国经济持续发展所起的积极意义, 对人民富裕国家富强起着关键作用。

摘要：土地可持续利用关系到经济能否可持续发展, 通过推动土地资源可持续利用, 解决土地供求与经济可持续发展日益突出的矛盾, 集约、节约城市农村土地资源, 促进经济良性发展。

关键词：土地资源,可持续利用,经济发展,城市用地,农村耕地,集约节约

参考文献

[1]、王军可持续发展[M].北京:中国发展出版社, 1997

[2]、吴绍洪土地持续利用研究进展[J].地理科学进展, 2004.23 (1)

[3]、张凤荣等中国土地资源及其可持续利用[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2000

浅谈公路交通运输可持续的发展 第9篇

交通运输是现代社会经济赖以运行和发展的基础, 交通运输的发达程度直接构成对经济发展的支持力度、人们生活质量的体现以及产品国际竞争力的高低等。交通运输占用资源和消耗能源较多的产业, 在给人类社会带来便利、克服空间距离阻碍的同时, 也产生了极高的外部成本, 表现为占用了大量的土地资源, 在运营中消耗了大量的能源资源, 在为社会服务的同时给社会带来了巨大的交通伤亡等经济损失, 并给环境生态造成了巨大的负面影响。因此, 本世纪我国在大力发展交通运输以满足社会和经济发展需要的前提下, 需要优化运输结构, 推进发展符合可持续发展要求的运输方式, 优先关注能够满足可持续要求的运输方式的发展, 建立可持续的交通运输体系。

二、公路交通建设的负面效应

1、公路建设用地继续增加对农业发展可能形成的影响。

我国政府也非常重视农业, 视农业为经济发展和社会稳定的基础。保护耕地这种不可再生的稀缺资源是实现农业可持续发展的重要条件, 这是我国的基本国策.但事实上, 在我国耕地面积在逐年减少。根据国土资源部2003年度全国土地利用变更调查结果, 仅2003年一年全国耕地面积就净减少3806万亩, 即减少了2%。

我国耕地面积逐年减少并难以遏制的原因是多样的, 如水土流失、土壤污染、土地荒漠化、农业结构调整等, 另外建设用地也是一个重要方面。2003年, 全国共计减少耕地3806万亩, 其中建设用地344万亩, 约占9%, 而且与其他因素比, 建设用地又以良田居多。建设用地包括国家、集体和个人建设对耕地的占用, 如住房建设用地、园区建设用地、交通建设用地等等, 其中交通建设用地又以公路建设用地为主。2003年, 我国公路总里程达到18l万公里, 比上年新增4.6万公里;其中, 高速公路总里程达到3万公里, 比上年新增4600公里。综合考虑新增公路的技术等级构成、新建改建比例、公路用地指标、平丘山区比例等因素, 可以大致估算出2003年公路建设占用耕地约为60万亩, 约占当年建设用地的17%。从这一比例看, 公路建设可以说是我国建设用地的主要方面之一。

2、民用汽车拥有量快速增长对能源供应可能形成的压力

交通运输是能源消费的主要部门, 也是能源依赖性最强的部门之一。到2003年, 中国已超过日本而成为世界第二大石油消费国。可以肯定, 今后中国的石油消费量还将以更快的速度增加, 中国将是未来全球石油需求增长的主要动力, 其中一个重要原因是中国民用汽车拥有量将快速增长, 其增幅将高于所有其他国家。

3、道路交通事故率居高不下对公共安全可能带来的影响

改革开放以来, 随着我国道路交通的迅速发展, 道路交通事故的发生次数和伤亡人数也大幅上升。我国汽车拥有量仅占世界的2%, 而道路交通事故死亡人数却占世界的22%。道路交通事故已成为我国公共安全的最大威胁。道路交通安全已经成为一个颇受关注的社会问题。

4、汽车尾气排放对环境保护可能形成的压力

我国是世界上公路车辆尾气排放最严重的国家之一。近些年来, 我国城市公路车辆的增长虽然很快, 但在总量上仍比世界许多大中城市少得多。但是, 由于我国国产车辆环保质量不高, 加之老旧车辆较多, 单车排放的有害物质是发达国家的好几倍, 造成的空气污染比国外大中城市要严重得多。

三、公路建设的原则

在公路建设中应用可持续发展的战略思想, 制定和完成可持续发展的公路基础设施建设, 应考虑以下原则:

1、公路建设的发展与经济、社会、资源与环境联系起来。

依据可持续发展的战略思想, 公路建设应与经济发展联系起来, 不能一味的满足经济的发展要求, 过度建设, 造成国家资源以及财力.物力的极大浪费。也不能建设缓慢, 成为经济发展的制约因素。而是应将其与社会.经济.资源与环境四者之间联系起来, 不能以牺牲资源.环境为代价来满足经济.社会的发展需求。从短期目标来看, 牺牲资源与环境似乎可以促进经济增长, 但从长期目标来看。由于资源.环境受破坏必定会约束经济的增长。所以, 公路建设的可持续性取决于与经济.社会.资源与环境之间协调度的高低。协调度愈高, 公路建设的持续性就越具有可行性。反之, 可行性就愈小。

2、西部公路建设应与东部公路建设联系起来

世界是多样的.是统一的.是相互联系的。公路建设区域之间也存在着必然的联系。我国东部公路建设和西部公路建设是相互促进.互相影响的统一体。西部公路局域网的建设和完善, 必将影响东部地区乃至全国的公路建设。反过来, 东部公路建设为西部公路建设提供了科学的建设经验和技术支持。

3、公路建设应与铁路.航空.水运的建设联系起来

公路运输是整个国家交通运输系统的一个重要的组成部分。公路建设的发展不仅对其它运输的发展有重大影响, 也为整个交通运输系统的完善和建设发挥交通运输的整体优势有着至关重要的作用。在处理局部与整体的关系中, 一定要头脑冷静。只重视公路建设而忽略其它运输形式的建设是十分片面的。整体的观念有助于我们将系统各部分有机的结合起来, 互相促进.共同发展, 满足国民经济的需求, 增强交通运输的综合实力。

四、小结

总体上看, 为了适应全面建设小康社会的战略目标, 中国交通的发展, 必须建立在使交通运输的可持续发展, 在尽量减少资源特别是不可再生资源的投入和环境压力下, 尽快提高交通系统对经济社会及资源环境的适应性, 实现可持续发展的交通运输。

摘要：文章探讨了公路交通运输发展过程中产生的负面效应, 指出公路交通运输应走可持续发展的道路, 以及可持续发展应遵循原则。

可持续化发展 第10篇

一、新疆发展可持续旅游的优势

(一) 新疆有丰富的旅游资源环境

新疆地处亚欧大陆腹地、与中亚、西亚和南亚的八个国家接壤, 接壤边界约5 600公里。新疆位于中国的西北边陲, 地域幅员辽阔。特殊的地理气候条件和远离海洋的干旱环境塑造了许多世界罕见的奇特景观。新疆有沙漠、高山、冰川、草原、河流, 还有生长在不同环境的植物与生存在不同地域的野生动物。中国旅游资源普查规范所列的六大类型旅游资源新疆都齐备, 并在68种基本类型中拥有56种, 占全国实体旅游资源数量的83%。其中, 国家特批的动植物保护区有29个。因此新疆被国内外旅客誉为“天然博物馆”。这些特有的自然景观构成了新疆的旅游资源体系。

新疆还有丰富的人文旅游资源。新疆是中国著名的少数民族聚居地、居住着包括汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族、回族、蒙古族、柯尔克孜族、塔塔尔族、乌孜别克族、塔吉克族、俄罗斯族、锡伯族、满族等13个主体民族。在历史的长河中各民族不同的宗教信仰、生活习惯、民族习俗造就了得天独厚的民族历史文化。在天山的南北分布着许多岩画、草原石人、历史文化名人的墓穴、烽火台等历史文化景点。

除此之外, 新疆现有的22个城市中有13个城市在19982007年间先后荣获“中国优秀旅游城市”名称。它们各具特色, 例如:库尔勒市梨城、吐鲁番市葡萄之园、乌鲁木齐亚心之都、喀什市维吾尔故乡、哈密市哈密瓜之乡、克拉玛依两游之城 (石油与旅游) 、阿勒泰市黄金宝石之都、伊宁市花城、阿克苏市20世纪60年代的小上海、博乐市草原春城、昌吉市乌鲁木齐的卫星城、阜康市新疆的形象与旅游的代表作。这13座城市如同13个辉眼明珠闪烁着魔力, 得到中外旅客的认可、引领者新疆旅游业的腾飞发展。

(二) 政府对新疆旅游业可持续发展的支持

新疆是中国向西开放的前沿阵地。西部大开发的浪潮为新疆带来了许多发展旅游的优惠措施。西部大开发的核心是基础设施建设和生态环境保护。经过三十多年的发展和积累, 新疆旅游业已经准备了较为雄厚的物质基础, 产业规模不断扩大, 产业体系逐渐形成, 产业实力明显增强, 管理水平和服务质量不断提升, 旅游宾馆、旅行社, 旅游景区、旅游配套设施等全面发展, 初步形成了六大要素齐备的综合产业体系, 能够为今后发展可持续旅游提供条件。近几年来, 当地旅游局为了提高旅游业的地位, 牢固树立“以保护家园为最终目的, 发展可持续旅游”的理念, 进行了“一卡通”、“旅游绿色通道”、“新疆人游新疆”等好政策来帮助新疆旅游业的不断发展。

(三) 社会的关注与客源市场的不断扩大

随着人们生活水平的不断提高, 人们的生活习惯也有了变化。“出去旅游”变成了人们生活的一部分, 这大大促进了旅客的数量。对于新疆来说国际市场上是客源市场的主体。2009年全疆共接待入境旅游者35.5万人次, 同比下降2.8%, 创汇1.37亿美元、同比增长0.63%;接待国内旅游者2 098万人次, 实现旅游收入176.75亿元, 同比分别下降了4.4%和10.7%。在充分考虑新疆实际情况的基础上, 自治区旅游局制定了2010年旅游发展目标, 接待入境旅游者50万人次, 同比增长40%, 旅游创汇1.93亿美元, 同比增长40%;接待国内旅游者2 500万人次, 同比增长19%, 国内旅游收入220亿元, 同比增长24.5%[1]。新疆旅游客源的扩大为旅游市场的发展提供了保障。

二、新疆发展可持续旅游业的意义

可持续旅游的发展已成为世界旅游业发展的必然趋势, 不仅满足现代人的旅游需求, 也不危害后代人的利益。这对像新疆这样的地处内陆又拥有丰富旅游资源地区来说具有重大的意义。新疆的旅游最初是以自然资源为源头, 以水域风光和民族风情为吸引力。人文资源与自然环境脱节, 自然环境与古代人工建筑只是某些主要生态因素简单组成的产物, 所处环境没有良好的自然生态系统, 保留不完整。新疆旅游资源的这种“天性”和“不完整”特征, 正是可持续发展战略的意义所在。

(一) 发展可持续旅游有助于新疆实施扶贫战略

《中国问题探究》中显示, 新疆的贫困县有25个, 多数位于少数民族居住地区[2]。而消除贫困是中国迈向现代化建设的重要步骤。对于广大贫困地区, 尤其是少数民族地区, 应充分发挥其丰富的旅游资源优势。但任何形式的旅游活动, 即使是生态旅游也会对生态环境有一定的影响, 而且传统旅游业的发展多是为了获取经济利益, 对旅游资源采用的是“掠夺式”的开发, 使得旅游活动范围超过了自然环境的承载力。只有重视生态环境保护, 增强可持续发展的能力, 走旅游业可持续发展道路才能确保新疆旅游业健康持续发展, 促进新疆经济的蓬勃发展。

(二) 保留民族历史文化

新疆自古以来是一个多民族居住地区, 在这片沃土上生活着47个民族, 各具特色的民族风情及文化艺术, 如享誉中外的维吾尔族的“十二木卡姆”、“麦西来甫”、哈萨克族的“姑娘追”、“黑骏马舞”、克尔克孜族的名诗“玛纳斯”等构成了具有浓郁民族特色的人文旅游景观。但由于被忽视, 出现了“民族文化的淡化”、“失去本质”等现象。只有坚持可持续发展道路才能保留好这些宝贵的民族遗产。

(三) 有利于保护生态环境

新疆的旅游资源大多数属于不可再生性资源, 对旅游资源的低水平的开发及来自旅游活动对环境的各方面的影响给新疆旅游资源造成了相当大的损耗。因此新疆旅游面临着严峻的环境问题, 主要是由资源的破坏和旅游环境的污染。旅游可持续发展的本质要求就是在保护的前提下开发, 通过开发达到保护的目的。通过可持续发展的手段使人们提高保护自然的意识和自觉性, 推动保护的发展, 促进环境质量的改善。

三、新疆发展可持续旅游的战略

(一) 建设游资源可持续利用机制, 完善法律体系, 增强可持续发展意识

旅游资源是旅游业得以生存的基础, 而制度在生态资源利用过程中发挥着巨大的作用, 是实现旅游资源可持续利用所不可或缺的。因此应建立以旅游资源区域管理为主, 行政区域管理为辅的管理体制, 利用制度和法律体系, 完善旅游资源可持续发展。必须依法打击破坏环境的行为, 以“制度”来提高人们的可持续发展意识和保护旅游资源的责任。

(二) 增强可持续旅游支撑体系建设, 增强生态旅游的科技含量

推进可持续旅游健康、有序发展, 需要进一步完善可持续旅游的支撑体系。 (1) 要进一步加强旅游景区的环境整治工作, 做好宣传, 提高游客的保护意识。 (2) 要进一步加强基础设施建设。按照规划的要求, 在环境容量和生态承受能力的范围内, 完善交通、卫生、通讯等基础设施建设、为可持续旅游的发展打好基础。 (3) 要加强可持续旅游的研究, 提高其科技含量。通过人力资源开发, 加强人才队伍建设, 通过挖掘科学内涵, 增加科普场所建设, 不断提高可持续旅游的科技含量。

(三) 要实施可持续旅游的品牌战略

新疆的旅游业最大的问题就是缺乏吸引游客的品牌。新疆有许多极具旅游价值的旅游资源并不被人所熟知。新疆的旅游往往给旅客带来意想不到的收获。因此, 建议通过实施品牌战略, 把可持续旅游的科学理念贯穿到现实中去, 在市场上树立起新疆可持续旅游的典型, 从而推进可持续旅游的发展。

摘要：新疆地域辽阔、少数民族众多、化积淀丰厚、旅游资源天时地利、有着旅游业发展得天独厚的优势。但因可持续发展观念浅薄, 一些单位和个人单纯追求经济效益盲目开发, 滥用旅游资源, 因此在新疆频频出现沙尘暴, 旅游景区环境恶化, 民族文化淡化等一系列问题。旅游业本身的“朝阳产业”、“永续性产业”、“旅游业的周期性”等决定了可持续性旅游是新疆旅游业发展的必然选择。

关键词：新疆,可续续旅游,战略

参考文献

[1]2009年国家统计年鉴[EB/OL].伊利新闻网, 2010-02-10.

福建省散打发展的可持续之路 第11篇

关键词 中华武术；散打；可持续发展

现代散打作为体育的竞技项目已走过了30年的风雨历程，我们感受到了其中的成功：首先，散打成为独立的技术体系是现代体育科学与理念的力量所致；其次，散打的确立是对传统武术进行拯救性、系统性、整合性的继承；其三，散打的结果是一次理念更新和思想超越传统的典范。然而，我们目前致力于的散打项目，绝非仅仅只是为了从过去引向现在，而更应该将其从现在导向未来，正因为如此，我们不能沉浸在已有的成功之中，必须关注和研究当前散打的发展状态，用更为前瞻的眼光去审视散打，用更为拓展的思路去规划散打，用更为有力的体制行为去助推散打走向辉煌。

1 研究对象与方法

1.1研究对象：福建省各地市散打队的教练员与运动员；福州、厦门、泉州、漳州、龙岩、莆田等地业余体校的武术散打教练员；泉州南少林武校、西山文武校、剑影武校的教练员；省内武术散打知名裁判员；部分省内外武术散打专家。

1.2研究方法：遵循社会学有关问卷设计的基本原则，设计《教练员调查问卷》、《裁判员调查问卷》和《专家调查问卷》三份问卷，并对问卷进行效度检验，专家对效度评价结果为：教练问卷8.825分，裁判问卷8.926分（10分制打分）。在福建省青少年武术散打锦标赛期间，发放裁判员、教练员问卷进行调查，当面收回；并向武术散打界的专家提出制约散打发展的一系列相关疑问。另外，还采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、实地考察法、专家访谈等方法。

2 福建省散打发展现状分析

近年来，福建省散打发展总体趋势平稳，运动员水平保持良好。现有各地市体校十余所，业余武术院校三十余所，开展散打项目的高校有4所。总体发展平稳，运动员素质不断提高。但优秀运动的选拔和本省散打的普及都存在严重不足。通过专家问卷调查显示，认为目前散打国内发展得非常好的占5.6%；认为发展得好的占30.6%；有52.8%的人认为发展的一般；认为发展得差的没有。由此表明，大多人认为散打在国内发展的一般。

2.1生源现状分析：对福建省武术散打生源状况的调查表明，有14名教练认为生源“一般”，占调查总人数的43.75%；有9名教练认为散打生源“较好”，占总人数的28.10%；有8名教练员认为“很差”，占总人数的25.05%；只有一名教练认为“很好”，占总人数的3.10%。以上调查结果表明福建省散打运动员的生源不太理想。

2.2后备力量培养状况分析：近年来，福建省武术散打主管部门以开始重视后备力量的培养，每年都要举办“福建省青少年散打锦标赛”，而且每年参赛的人数也在不断地增加，尽管如此，福建省散打队的情况仍然不容乐观。

2.3家庭因素影响孩子练习散打的积极性分析：通过对省队学生家长、高校学生家长的访问调查了解到，学生家长对孩子练习散打具有一定的抗拒性。通过图1可以了解到，大多数家长对孩子练习散打持保留态度，这极大的影响了孩子对散打运动的热爱。

2.4福建省散打与其他武术大省比较分析：福建省位于福建地处中国东南部、东海之滨。其文化传统自古以来就与中原地区有较为明显的差异。像山东、安徽、河南等省份，受传统文化所影响，习武之风盛行。一个比较贫穷的菏泽市就有大小武馆院校300于所，由此可见传统武术在中原地带发展较为广泛。而福建省因地处边境，对外开放较早，外来文化渗透丰富，传统武术文化就失去了原有的色彩，使之普及程度不及中原地区。

3 福建省散打发展方向

3.1积极发展各地市队伍建设，加强后备人才的选拔与培养：从家长的角度来看，每一个家长都希望自己的孩子有一个良好的学习环境、优秀的教育体系，促使孩子健康、全面发展。教育系统如果和竞技体育系统有机地结合起来，那么，散打训练的生源问题就迎刃而解。而目前对福建省各地市散打队训练条件的调查结果显示：53.25%的教练员认为“很差”。20.00%的教练员认为“差”，15.75%的教练员认为“一般”，11.00%的教练员认为“很好”，可见，福建省武术散打的训练条件是很艰苦的，改善训练条件是促进福建省武术散打发展的一个重要因素。根据调查，发现在漳州市出台了特殊的政策：“凡参加体操训练可跨区到中心小学读书”，这一举措是漳州市少体校充分利用了教育系统资源的结果。使学生既能锻炼身体，又能上好学校，还培养了体操后备人才，很多家长都把孩子送到体操队训练。试想，如果这一举措能够应用到散打项目中，并推广至全省，那福建散打的后备力量自然会逐渐强大起来。

3.2促进散打的大众化发展：武术散打作为一个独立的体育项目以其独特的魅力跻身于世界体坛，而且，越来越引起人们的关注和喜爱。但是，大众散打的开展工作却远远不够，在很大度上制约了武术散打的全面快速发展。武术散打的大众化开展应该顺应目前学校体育课程改革的发展趋势，符合当前青少年的渴望与需求。学校散打教学课程的开展与改革不仅是竞技散打推广普及发展的重要领域，同时也是大众散打推广与发展的突破口。针对在教学中暴露和存在的问题，推广一种大众散打新形式，这种大众散打运动形式应产生于竞技形式的散打，以競技散打为基础，同时它又与竞技散打一起构成武术散打的两种形式，使武术散打运动沿着竞技和大众两个方向健康发展。同时应该突出这种散打运动形式的健身和娱乐功能，运用武术散打简单实用的运动形式，体现其丰富的技击内涵和文化底蕴。

3.3使传统武德与现代武术相结合：传统武术思想是在封建主义社会下中国儒家、道家等哲学思想与传统武术的融合，自给自足闭关锁国的社会大环境使其得到了长足的发展。然而，社会发展的今天，各国间的接触日益密切，文化冲突加剧，现代技击理念的冲击为传统武术思想提出了新的挑战。要发展，就不能一味地遵循传统，又不能全盘否定地撇弃，需要传统文化与现代竞技体育相结合，促使理念的转变。武术散打正是这种背景下的“新生儿”。纵观武术散打发展的历程，虽然已经形成了一些自成体系的理论指导，但还不能成为真正科学、系统意义上的武术散打理论体系。一方面是，对于传统武术理论的继承仅只是资料的整理和堆积，缺乏对中国传统武德的考究与归纳总结，缺乏传统武德与现代技击的有机的结合。1995～2000年全国各地和各高校出版社出版的各类拳种、拳械、散打等技术套路图示书籍528种之多，而有关武德方面的却不足10本。时至今日用于武术散打的学习教程，依然在武德方面表现泛泛。相反，对于近几年刚传入中国却风靡一时的跆拳道来说，书籍、光碟处处可见，内容精细易懂，且重点突出跆拳道礼仪的重要性。另一方面，武术科研人员是武术理论工作的直接参与者，他们的工作成果直接关系着这门学科的理论制高度。通过调查分析不难发现，我们在相关学科方面的研究比较多，而对于武术散打技法与传统武德的有机结合等有关问题的研究还不够，需要科研工作者更为认真精细的思考研究。

3.4明确目标，做精做强：福建省与其他武术大省相比，散打运动开展较为缓慢，人民大众对散打运动的了解较少，从而引起了青少年等后备力量的不足。为了弥补这种缺陷，在专业队伍建设方面，就应该抓重点、评优秀。福建省本就不是个体育强省，所以不要贪大，要做精做强，重点培养顶尖选手，为福建省散打发展起到领军作用。使之带动散打大众化、专业化两种模式齐头并进发展。

4 结论与建议

4.1结论

4.1.1福建省散打发展离不开后备力量的培养，而现在各地市后备力量培养机制严重不足，场地设施陈旧，二线运动员的选拔与训练存在隐患。

4.1.2学生家长对孩子练习散打的支持性不高，对孩子练习散打持保留态度、甚至阻止。这在很大程度上影响了优秀人才的培养。

4.1.3传统文化观念不够深刻。传统文化思想是人类发展的精神源泉，福建省大多数人对传统文化的归属感不够强烈，需求感不够。

4.1.4福建省与其他武术大省相比，散打运动开展较为缓慢，人民大众对散打运动了解较少。

4.2建议

4.2.1应加强建设各地市队伍，更换陈旧的训练设施。

4.2.2加大教育体系与运动体系与教育系统的结合，使孩子有良好的学习环境；各高校应多开展散打项目，提高孩子体育运动能力，并为家长提供孩子的发展方向

4.2.3加强散打与中国传统文化的结合，发展中国特色、民族特色。使散打运动更具中国化，加强礼仪、武德、精神建设。

4.2.4要做精做强，不要贪多。培养顶尖选手的实力。为散打运动的全面发展起带头作用。

参考文献

[1]曹华，武术散打发展现状及其可持续发展对策的探析[J]，广东警官学院学报，2009，21（3）11

[2]杜振高，散打发展论[M]，中国公安出版局，2008

[3]俞杰，探究高校武术散打发展趋势[M]，集美大学出版社，2012

[4]卢元振，中国体育社会学说[M]，北京体育大学出版社，2001

先进制造与可持续城市发展（英文） 第12篇

Industry 4.0[1,2,3],the Industrial Internet[4、5],and Made in China 2025[6]are three topics of high economic relevance that touch on the future of our current international value networks.They are intensively discussed in worldwide debates,both in academia and in practical contexts.The three approaches to Advanced Manufacturing aim at a forthcoming“fourth industrial revolution,”which is based on the progressing digitalization process across all industries and services(cf.e.g.,Ref.[7]).

In 2011,the term Industry 4.0 was created in Germany in order to point to a global change in manufacturing and global supply networks.The future deployment of Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS)together with a much closer integration of information and communication technologies(ICT)for manufacturing and logistics may lead to a global fourth industrial revolution.CPS together with cloud services on the Internet enable continuous data collection and data analysis across worldwide value networks based on machine-tomachine(M2M)communication and Internet of Things(Io T)technologies.They also provide the key functions to integrate the shop-floor control systems with business ICT systems.The use of CPS will connect big and especially small and mediumsized companies within global production and logistics networks more efficiently,enabling them to more effectively:

·Apply integrative smart engineering methods across the whole product life cycle;

·Engage in smart mass production,even with a lot size of one;and

·Customize smart products.

The European Commission has also set up a research program in order to implement the concepts of Industry 4.0[8、9],stating:“The mission of the European Technology Platform Manufuture is to propose,develop and implement a strategy based on research and innovation,capable of speeding up the rate of industrial transformation to high-added-value products,processes and services,securing high-skills employment and winning a major share of world manufacturing output in the future knowledge-driven economy.”

Ref.[5]defines the Industrial Internet as“An internet of things,machines,computers and people,enabling intelligent industrial operations using advanced data analytics for transformational business outcomes.”According to Ref.[4],the charter of this industrial association to encourage innovation involves:

·“Utilizing existing and creating new industry use cases and test beds for real-world applications;

·Delivering best practices,reference architectures,case studies,and standards requirements to ease deployment of connected technologies;

·Influencing the global standards development process for Internet and industrial systems;

·Facilitating open forums to share and exchange realworld ideas,practices,lessons,and insights;and

·Building confidence around new and innovative approaches to security.”

Ref.[10]describes the three goals of the Industrial Internet as follows:

·“Intelligent machines:New ways of connecting the world’s myriad of machines,facilities,fleets,and networks with advanced sensors,controls,and software applications.

·Advanced analytics:Harnessing the power of physicsbased analytics,predictive algorithms,automation and deep domain,expertise in material science,electrical engineering,and other key disciplines required to understand how machines and larger systems operate.

·People at work:Connecting people,whether they be at work in industrial facilities,offices,hospitals or on the move,at any time,to support more intelligent design,operations,and maintenance as well as higher quality service and safety.”

The same source then goes on to state(with insertions in square brackets from these authors):

“Connecting and combining these elements offers new opportunities across firms and economies.For example,traditional statistical approaches use historical data techniques[manufacturing execution systems,or MES]where often there is more separation between the data,the analysis,and decision making.As system monitoring has advanced[by the use of CPS]and the cost of information technology has fallen,the ability to work with larger and larger volumes of real-time data has been expanding.High frequency real-time data brings a whole new level of insight on system operations.Machine-based analytics offers yet another dimension to the analytic process.The combination of physics-based approaches,deep sector specific domain expertise,more automation of information flows,and predictive capabilities can join with the existing suite of“big data”tools.The result is that the Industrial Internet encompasses traditional approaches with newer hybrid approaches that can leverage the power of both historic and real-time data with industry specific advanced analytics”[10].

The Made in China 2025 10-year plan[6]was led by the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Telecommunication Technology(MIIT)and is based on input from the Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE).Made in China 2025constitutes a strategy to comprehensively upgrade Chinese industry,with the purpose of giving China an edge in innovation,green development,and quality goods.This effort is far broader than the approaches of Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet,as the efficiency and quality of Chinese producers are highly uneven,and Chinese manufacturing industries need to more effectively cooperate and compete with advanced industrialized economies at higher product quality levels and with smarter products.Thus,manufacturing must be innovation-driven,emphasize quality over quantity,achieve green development,optimize the structure of Chinese industry,and nurture human talent.Therefore,this strategy focuses on the upgrading of the manufacturing sector to improve innovation ability,to integrate informatization and industrialization through green manufacturing,and to foster manufacturing internationalization.It will span the whole manufacturing industry,and identifies ten sectors as priorities:new information technology,high-end numerically controlled machine tools and robotics,aerospace equipment,ocean engineering equipment and ships with high technology,advanced railway traffic equipment,energy-saving and new energy vehicles,power equipment,new materials,biological medicine and high-performance medical devices,and agricultural production machinery.

All these long-term plans and strategies are based on technologies that are available today,namely CPS,the Io T,distributed software services,and Cloud Computing.The application of these technologies to manufacturing is called“Advanced Manufacturing throughout this paper.They are highly dependent on the availability of adequate digital infrastructures and well-functioning logistics systems,and they have a number of repercussions for cities and regions.Accordingly,it is surprising that little work has been done to date on the interrelations between urban development and Advanced Manufacturing,as global manufacturing and logistics will lead to substantial changes during the implementation of the respective manufacturing strategies.Urban-connected,sustainable,and economic activities in the industrial sector will have to be adapted to new local,regional,and global ICT-based value and logistics chains.Therefore,this paper addresses a new field of academic and practical interest in an explorative way,as there is neither sufficient scientific nor practical experience worldwide on the relation between Advanced Manufacturing and urban development.As a first step,this paper attempts to develop an initial hypothesis on the topic rather than providing data-driven or case-based analytical evidence.

In the remainder of this paper,we will begin by providing a brief description of the overarching concepts of Advanced Manufacturing,logistics,and urban development(Section 2).We then discuss Advanced Manufacturing in the contexts of quality of growth,the green urban economy,and sustainable urban development,as defined and interpreted by the German International Development Cooperation(GIZ)[11、12](Section 3).Finally,Section 4 presents some conclusions.

This paper is based partly on the results of a project that was conducted by the German National Academy of Science and Engineering on behalf of the Federal Ministry of International Cooperation[13].

2 The evolutionary path to the Fourth Industrial Revolution,and its impact on urban development

There is a tendency to talk about revolutions,even when major social and economic changes come about over long periods of time and appear to occur in a more evolutionary than revolutionary manner.This is especially true of the“industrial revolutions.”Previous radical industrial changes in production technology may seem to have taken the shape of revolutions,but a closer look reveals that they were in fact much more evolutionary in nature.The same is true of the impact of the different industrial revolutions on urban development.The path to Industry 4.0 will also be evolutionary(Figure 1).

While the first industrial revolution was triggered by large,centralized water-and steam-driven mechanical production equipment that enabled products to be manufactured more quickly and in larger quantities than before,it took almost a century before they came to be ubiquitously employed in production processes at the start of the second industrial revolution.During this period,the new production technologies led to large-scale urbanization of former rural settlements and contributed to urban growth.

Interestingly,the second industrial revolution was triggered by the opportunity to decentralize the electric power supply,enabling the introduction of relatively inexpensive and much smaller drive units for conveyor belts.The assembly line concept broke down many production steps into individual processes so that employees could become more specialized and production costs could be significantly reduced.This had several consequences for urban development in an increasingly industrialized world.On the one hand,production sites became larger and increasingly disruptive and urban growth was accelerated,often leading to extremely poor living conditions for the working classes.This had an impact on the development of new suburbs with better sanitary and health conditions,as well as improved urban hygiene.On the other hand,mass production made automobiles in particular increasingly affordable for the growing middle classes,and thereby contributed to urban sprawl and the clear separation of land uses in the rapidly growing urban areas,such as between industrial and residential areas.

Another century would pass before the start of the third Industrial Revolution,in which the introduction of the first Programmable logic Controllers(PLCs),robots,electronics,and information technologies,occurring in the late 1960s,would make individual production steps much smarter than in the past.In terms of urban and regional development,new hopes were nurtured that ICT could help remote areas to become more competitive and more attractive to businesses and people.It was also hoped that the long commuting distances associated with living in remote locations or in cities on the periphery of metropolitan areas would no longer be a disadvantage,thanks to the new opportunities that teleworking provided for working from home,at least on a part-time basis.Nevertheless,there was a trend toward a return to more compact city structures,and the eco-city concept started to become more and more prominent.The concepts of intelligent cities,ubiquitous cities,and smart cities would be developed later on,enabling better services and facilitating the use of ICT in everyday life.These concepts continue to characterize the current debate.

It would be another 50 years before further innovations enabled another step of improvement in productivity,ushering in the dawn of a fourth Industrial Revolution based on the development of miniature Cyber-Physical Production Systems(CPPS)and specialized Cyber-Physical Systems.These systems are tiny data-processing units with communication capabilities that use sensors as interfaces to the real world,such as positioning sensors(RFIDs,AGPS,etc.),which may enable actor devices.The CPPS are integrated into electronic and mechanical parts.Mechatronics,software technology,and networking are the principal basic components of the Io T and services.Fundamentally,it is the ability to assign identities to extremely small batches of products and materials and to locate them precisely that enables the key Advanced Manufacturing functions of tracking the items involved in production processes at each level of the supply chain,inside and outside of the factory.The Io T thus contains a digital representation of real-world production and logistics,enabling smart planning,optimization,and control of production steps at each section of the supply chain.

However,this automation of complete process networks comes at a price:CPPS systems have an inherent complexity that can no longer be handled by the planning,optimization,and control systems of yesterday—it is simply not feasible to keep tabs on millions of nodes in a network from a centralized point of control.This problem can be overcome through a paradigm shift in which computation processes involving the digital representations of production items which are decentralized and much more autonomy is assigned to these sub-processes than in a centralized architecture[14,15,16,17].

In order to facilitate the necessary information flow,a comprehensive broadband infrastructure is required for the industry,along with new communication standards at the application and shop-floor level so that the subsystems are able to communicate with each other irrespective of their physical location in the real world,thereby implementing the Io T.The industries best suited to the introduction of Advanced Manufacturing are the automotive,mechanical engineering,electrical,chemical,food processing,and ICT industries.

Data and information safety and security and their protection against misuse and unauthorized access are critical to the success of Advanced Manufacturing.After an implementation of Advanced Manufacturing,factories’work organization and the role of employees will change significantly.Participatory work design and lifelong learning will be necessary,as well as training and continuing professional development.Regulatory frameworks will also need to be adapted to Advanced Manufacturing innovations in terms of legal compliance,the protection of corporate data,liability issues,the handling of personal data,and trade restrictions.

The expected benefits of Advanced Manufacturing include increased productivity and efficiency thanks to a reduction in manufacturing uncertainties,as well as resource efficiency thanks to optimization of manufacturing industry’s consumption of raw materials and energy.Advanced Manufacturing,together with Advanced Logistics,can thus make a positive contribution to environmentally friendly industrial production and resource efficiency.Because of its focus on increasing energy efficiency,Advanced Manufacturing may also have a positive impact on climate change mitigation.

The consequences of Advanced Manufacturing for urban development are not yet clear.Advanced Manufacturing will clearly play a role in the continued development of integrated and inclusive smart city concepts,and it has the potential to change urban development patterns.It may also bring industry back to the city,as a cleaner,environmentally friendly production is much less adverse to other land uses such as housing than previous production technologies.This could enable the concepts of the compact city and the city of short distances,both of which support more sustainable urban development.

However,there are also a number of challenges.For example,it is argued that Advanced Manufacturing may have adverse effects on equality and social inclusion in cities,as it may further strengthen the position of better educated and more capable persons while leaving the underprivileged parts of society behind.Moreover,Advanced Manufacturing makes high demands on favorable urban structures and infrastructure conditions as well as functioning planning mechanisms and good governance.Furthermore,one should not underestimate disruptions in residential areas,for example by commuters and the transport of goods,which may be caused by more flexible Advanced Manufacturing-oriented and 24-hour operating production processes.

Nevertheless,the debate about future cities has been slow to incorporate Advanced Manufacturing,even though it is in fact connected with urban development in many ways.Support from intelligent industries is indispensable in future urbanization trends.In advanced countries from 1960~2012,a nation’s intelligent output,intelligent input,and the development of intelligent subject elements had a positive correlation with the nation’s urbanization ratio,and this trend is becoming more evident.Intelligent urbanization will replace labor urbanization[3].

One of the initiatives that link Advanced Manufacturing with urban development is the Morgenstadt(“City of Tomorrow”)Initiative by the Fraunhofer Association,Europe’s largest application-oriented research organization.This initiative describes the link between the city of the future on the one hand and production and logistics on the other as follows:

“In the future,city transportation and handling of goods will happen fluently within intelligent structures of production and distribution—presenting the backbone of sustainable trade,services and urban production.At the same time,essentials have to be provided at any time to all citizens.The city of tomorrow will be involved more deeply in the provision of production and logistic services by providing,planning and monitoring specific urban infrastructure and services for production and logistics.”[18、19]

The Fraunhofer Association has chosen production and logistics as one of its seven research fields in this initiative.The other research fields are energy,buildings,mobility,information and communication,urban processes and organization,and security.Furthermore,“In the city of the future,life and work will be characterized by short distances and by the freedom to realize individual life and work styles.At the same time,people will have multiple opportunities for participating in decisions on the development of their city.Rigid value chains will be replaced by innovative and flexible value patterns.Regarding consumption and economy,the possession of goods will be less important than the sustainable use of goods and systems.Inhabitants of Morgenstadt won’t be exclusively consumers anymore—they become prosumers:producing consumers.”[19].

3 Industry 4.0 and its linkages with quality of growth,the green urban economy,and sustainable development of metropolitan regions

3.1 Background

Quality of growth is a guiding mission of the German Development Cooperation,as far as sustainable economic development is concerned.High-quality economic growth is seen as a prerequisite for productive and decent employment,which is in turn crucial for poverty eradication and for the promotion of equitable economic and social development[11].GIZ has defined the following dimensions of high-quality growth:

·Smart growth1):The promotion of productivity and competitiveness by encouraging the development of a knowledge-and innovation-based economy.

·Sustainable growth:Environmental sustainability in which the economic development of one generation does not constitute a burden to future generations,as well as the transition to a green economy.

·Inclusive/shared growth:The productive participation of all sectors of society in economic processes.

·Resilient growth:The reduction of economic volatility and mitigation of vulnerability to economic crises and their impacts.

·Integrated growth:Improvement of the framework conditions for the cross-border exchange of goods and services.

·Governance for growth:The establishment of strong institutions and transparent,participatory decision-making processes.

These dimensions provide a valuable framework and are used here as a guideline for our analysis.In respect to smart growth,Advanced Manufacturing concepts will clearly contribute to the concept of smart manufacturing ecosystems.It is also possible to examine the linkages between Advanced Manufacturing in an urban context and concepts for the green urban economy and for sustainable development of metropolitan regions.While these two concepts are closely linked with the quality of growth approach,they have a wider scope and transfer quality of growth to an urban context.The boundaries between the three approaches are soft and there are many overlaps.

The Green Urban Economy is a concept that translates the international and national debates about a green economy to the urban context in order to address urban stakeholders.It is based on the assumption that,in a future where the world is predominantly urban,cities should be pioneers of the transition to a green economy.Key elements of a Green Urban Economy as defined by the German Development Cooperation include the following[20]:

·Inclusive economic growth:“Future growth strategies must no longer focus on quantitative goals alone.Rather,there must be qualitative growth that benefits broad sections of the population.In cities in particular,there is a growing gap between rich and poor,and there are growing groups that do not enjoy adequate social and economic participation.”[20]This is where the linkage with quality of growth becomes most evident.Inclusive economic growth refers literally to the inclusive/shared growth dimension.However,the above description demonstrates that it also encompasses other dimensions of the quality of growth approach,such as governance for growth.

·Environmental compatibility:“It is essential that economic growth be decoupled from resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.This can be done,for example,by encouraging innovation and environmentally sound technologies.Thanks to their high population density,cities offer opportunities for the establishment of efficient infrastructure networks.”[20]This issue has a particular linkage with the sustainable growth dimension of quality of growth.Linkages with the smart growth dimension are also apparent.

·Poverty reduction:“Inclusive,ecologically sound growth must be geared toward reducing poverty and giving people opportunities in life.This needs to result in more income opportunities,especially in the low-income sector and in the urban informal sector,and improved access to basic municipal services for the poor and in informal settlements.”[20]This element ties in well with the inclusive/shared growth dimension of quality of growth,with special emphasis on the urban poor.

The sustainable development of metropolitan regions as defined by the German Development Cooperation is an approach that responds to the needs of urban agglomerations and metropolitan regions and seeks to improve their governance structures.Four priority multi-sectoral areas have been defined as relevant by the German Development Cooperation[20]:

·Metropolitan regions as innovative business regions:“Metropolitan regions provide a venue for the exchange of goods and information between local,national and global businesses.They attract knowledge-based companies and they promote and implement new ideas that facilitate sustainable economic activity.For this to happen,however,it is essential to create an appropriate framework.”[20]This aspect incorporates most of the features of quality of growth in an urban context.

·Metropolitan regions as inclusive labor markets and residential centers:“By virtue of their economic growth,metropolitan regions provide a wide range of services and jobs from which poor people can also benefit…”[20].This aspect addresses the inclusive/shared growth dimension of the quality of growth approach.

·Metropolitan regions as dense“nexus”networks:“With so many people and so much production and consumption concentrated in one area,metropolitan regions devour tremendous amounts of energy and natural resources.However,given the tightly woven geographical and sectoral links that exist in metropolitan regions,there are good opportunities for improving the efficiency of their material and energy cycles…”[20].This aspect is partly related to the sustainable growth dimension of quality of growth.

·Metropolitan regions as governance systems:“New governance structures are needed for urban agglomerations in order to organize and control the multi-sectoral challenges they face…”[20].There is a close link between this aspect and the governance for growth dimension referred to above.

All three of the approaches described above—quality of growth,green urban economy,and sustainable urban development—share a number of overlaps and linkages.Whereas the quality of growth approach is focused on economic development in general,the concepts of green urban economy and sustainable development of metropolitan regions translate quality of growth into the urban development context.The next section uses the quality of growth approach as a basis for further analysis.Wherever possible and feasible,references are made to the other concepts.

3.2 Smart growth

Advanced Manufacturing contributes to smart growth and promotes the development of metropolitan regions and cities into innovative business regions.Since manufacturing industry around the world is an important part of the global knowledge society,innovations such as CPPS,Io T,and software services drive innovation in Advanced Manufacturing and Advanced Logistics.The requirements for new hardware devices,sensors,and software architectures to handle the complexity of the processes in global production and supply networks will lead to completely new solutions,including Internet services through Internet applications for manufacturing and logistics[21、16].This development will occur mainly in metropolitan regions and larger urban areas[22].

In the context of the 10-year plan Made in China 2025,it is clear that Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics concepts will play an important role in the further development of Chinese manufacturing,since they support the smart growth targeted by the manufacturing plans for both the domestic and export markets.

Advanced logistics is an integral part of Advanced Manufacturing and an essential precondition for participating in international value networks.Apart from the“hard infrastructure”in Chinese cities,there is also a need for efficient logistics structures among logistics companies(a very high percentage of Chinese trucks are driven by their owners),and a global software infrastructure that enables tracking and tracing at any necessary logistic object level.Additional growth will come about as a result of the growing number of Second-Party Logistics Providers who will take over the logistics functions previously handled by manufacturers,as well as Third-Party Logistics Providers offering manufacturers a one-stop solution for all their logistics services[23].

As logistics also plays a very important role in agriculture and the service industry,there will be an additional

benefit to the Chinese economy through the stated emphasis on these sectors in Made in China 2025.

All these factors may result in Chinese cities undergoing local,accelerated efforts to promote Advanced Manufacturing.However,the numerous problems with air and water pollution underline how decisive better urban planning and management,appropriate planning instruments,and transparency and good governance are,in order for Advanced Manufacturing to make a positive contribution to sustainable urban development.

3.3 Sustainable growth

Advanced Manufacturing makes a contribution to sustainable growth.It contributes to the green urban economy by reducing environmental impacts,and it fits well with the notion of metropolitan regions as dense“nexus”networks by providing them with the opportunity to improve their materials and energy efficiency.For example,the regional cross-linking of industrial processes has the potential for considerable resource savings[24、25].In this way,sustainability combines environmental,economic,and social factors into a single concept.Legal instruments demanding sustainability have been created for some years in order to implement national and European sustainability objectives,such as the requirements to incorporate energy management systems and CO2emissions certificate trading.

The data basis available for Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics is far superior to anything that existed previously,thanks to the collection of data by CPS sensors throughout manufacturing and logistics processes.Additional processing of the data on energy and material flows is required in order to generate up-to-date information such as Key Performance Indicators(KPIs).This is where ICT cloud technologies and Big Data analytics can be used to measure and support sustainable growth,since the associated rise in the volume of available sensor data enabling the basis for the implementation of intelligent and flexible control will result in more efficient manufacturing resources in general.

In order to measure industrial sustainability,the Product Environmental Footprint(PEF)is under development in Europe,and it will help develop our understanding of the impacts of products on the environment.The PEF has already been defined for some selected sectors,and it standardizes the environmental impact of a product over its entire life cycle;in which,for example,equivalent CO2emissions during manufacturing,use,recycling,or disposal contribute to the PEF environmental assessment.The PEF for the metal sheets product group will take on an important role in the metalworking industry over the coming years.A total of 38sustainability indicators quantify progress in the key areas of quality of life,intergenerational justice,social cohesion,and international responsibility in measuring sustainability,including the use of renewable energy[16].

In an industrial environment,considerable expertise and willingness are necessary in order to invest in the implementation of energy and resource efficiency measures.Often,these measures are difficult to evaluate,especially in respect to their return on investment and long-term impact.In addition,expertise based on past experience is a crucial and still rare prerequisite for project decisions in that direction.Small and medium-sized organizations,in particular,can only afford such evaluations in situations where very considerable savings are expected.In view of the requirements for sustainability,it is most important to embed resource efficiency within business processes in order to meet the demands of both energy management systems and energy conservation targets,as both organizational and social aspects exert considerable influence.This is clearly demonstrated by the Think Blue initiative launched by Volkswagen AG that has made an internal commitment to deliver a 25%reduction in energy,water consumption,waste,and CO2and solvent emissions per vehicle compared to 2010 levels.

In the future,it will be essential to enable life cycle assessments to be generated automatically,without manual data collection.The conceptual framework for an automatically generated environmental audit is shown in Figure 2,which is parameterized via the central control systems.It can be used to determine cost-saving measures,to review the continuous improvement process,and even to initiate public relations activities.In addition,in the Chinese context,these CPPS provide opportunities to leap directly from Industry 2.0 to Advanced Manufacturing by introducing energy and resource efficiency in manufacturing,especially where the development of new production facilities permits the introduction of new concepts for resource-efficient production(Figure 2).

Sustainability gains may also come from spatial issues[22].Advanced Manufacturing may facilitate mixed urban development and contribute to the realization of the compact city and the city of short distances.Cleaner production and higher environmental standards lead to better compatibility of industrial sites with other land uses.Thus,industrial production can occur in close proximity to residential areas.Moreover,Advanced Manufacturing-based urban production has the potential to operate with smaller lot sizes due to the modularization of production,meaning that fewer storage facilities will be required.This will allow production facilities to be better integrated into existing urban structures or even located as infill developments in urban regeneration areas.

3.4 Inclusive/shared growth

At first glance,the contribution of Advanced Manufacturing to inclusive or shared growth may be less apparent than in the case of the other dimensions of the“quality of growth”approach.It may also not be immediately obvious how Advanced Manufacturing-based production promotes a green urban economy,for example,in terms of inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction,or how it can support metropolitan regions as inclusive labor markets,which is one of the characteristics of urban-regional sustainability.Advanced Manufacturing is often said to be a job-killer rather than a job-creator,due to its inherent automation of production processes.In addition,it is often seen as exclusive rather than inclusive in terms of socioeconomic development.Thus,it may be argued that Advanced Manufacturing will not be able to contribute substantially to making cities more inclusive.For example,the five strategic plans of the Chicago Metropolitan Area since 1999 have all highlighted the regional collaboration and functional assignment of science and technology,industries,and education,and emphasized the rational/functional high-tech divide between the central region and suburbs.These strategic plans aim to upgrade the industrial competitiveness of metropolitan Chicago through the coordinative development of land,employment,and capital[27].

However,these assumptions are not necessarily true in every case.Advanced Manufacturing is oriented toward the modularization of industrial production and the facilitation of a lot size of one.However,this does not mean that production requires fewer employees or that all production processes along the supply and value chains have to be automated.Nevertheless,job profiles will change in general,with increasing numbers of higher-skilled jobs.This shift will require sound education programs and vocational training activities in respective cities and regions in order to increase regional Advanced Manufacturing readiness.Moreover,it should be remembered that Advanced Manufacturingbased production may create new opportunities for small local suppliers and startups to become involved in national and/or international value networks,thus strengthening the economic development of cities and regions.Furthermore,new job creation opportunities in ancillary industries and in the related service sectors should be taken into consideration.

Regarding urban development,it is still very difficult to estimate whether Industry 4.0 will have more positive consequences overall,in achieving more inclusiveness,or whether adverse effects may prevail.Further studies should carefully take into consideration whether and how cities support better education,knowledge creation,and the integration of small enterprises that hitherto have not had many chances to integrate themselves into overarching value chains.

3.5 Integrated growth

There can be no doubt that Advanced Manufacturing contributes to integrated growth.As the global manufacturing industry relies on international value networks,integrated growth is a direct consequence of Advanced Manufacturing and Advanced Logistics at the international level.An important prerequisite is the international transport of materials and goods[16、17、21、23].

An integrated approach must be taken regarding transport as a whole.The vision for transport should be guided by a modal mix that will lead to an efficient,sustainable,economical,safe,reliable,environmentally friendly,and regionally balanced transportation system.Decisions on road expressways,dedicated rail freight corridors,high-speed trains,and movement through inland waterways or coastal shipping must be made holistically,so that the objectives of speed and efficient energy usage are achieved.Policy decisions should be based on the life cycle energy costs of different transport modes.

In order to enable smooth international logistics,it will also be important to foster the transition from Second-Party Logistics Providers to Third-Party Logistics Providers offering a one-stop solution for all manufacturers’logistics services[23].

A well-functioning logistics and transport infrastructure is of the utmost importance for urban development and for the location of production facilities[28、22].If these are not in place,and if reliable transportation of materials and goods cannot be guaranteed,it will not be possible to convince enterprises to locate their facilities in urban core areas.In fact,transportation problems are among the reasons why enterprises are currently still moving out to the periphery of urban areas.In such a situation,the potential benefits of Advanced Manufacturing,such as the generation of mixed urban land uses and the location of production sites in inner-city regeneration areas,are lost.Moreover,commuting distances grow instead of becoming smaller.

3.6 Resilient growth

Resilient growth does not imply the avoidance of all risks at all cost—it is strongly connected to risk management.In the past,resilience in businesses was mostly driven by experience.However,with data-and process-driven Advanced Manufacturing,it is now possible to model the processes involved to a much greater extent(cf.Section 3.3).Therefore,joint risk management procedures backed up by government policies can be designed by cooperating enterprises and deployed in order to integrate resilience into international Advanced Manufacturing networks.Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs)can plausibly tackle the inherent risks by adopting new Advanced Manufacturing protocols[25、19].Specific Advanced Manufacturing concepts can contribute to risk mitigation as follows:

·The implementation of CPS sensors to record manufacturing data enables resilient production processes to be developed and operated.

·Members of international value networks must share information about technical interfaces in order to enable joint big data analysis.

·There must be jointly agreed-upon manufacturing and logistics checking procedures for resilience at all tier levels of cooperating value networks.

·The order-dependent combination of manufacturing steps can drive the resilient process network design.

·Uncontrolled instabilities in the process chain(e.g.,the“bull-whip effect”)can result in process fluctuations.This can be avoided by recording process fluctuations and by real-time control even before such unwanted events can build up.

·Industrial ICT suppliers must provide migration paths,from classical data recording to cloud technology and big data analysis tools.

·Risk and resilience management must be accepted at both the corporate level and the level of the authorities responsible for infrastructure management,as the frequency and impact of disruptions to industrial processes in production and logistics must be reduced.

In globally distributed supply networks,disruptions occur rather regularly.Robust supply chains that are able to cope with unforeseen events are a vital business capability.In addition to a resilient and flexible supply network infrastructure,businesses need risk-detection capabilities,obtained by performing predictive analytics on a global scale based on big data tools in order to secure customer operations.Risk mitigation must therefore be a part of regular logistics operations rather than an intervention carried out after the event,as is usually the case today.

Regarding their relation with urban development,resilience and risk reduction are very closely related to the capacities of the urban and regional planning system,the available planning tools,and the existing governance regime.Sound planning and implementation can contribute to minimizing risks by promoting better organized and more reliable city patterns and infrastructure systems.The availability of appropriate and effective urban planning tools is decisive for the implementation of planning concepts oriented toward risk reduction,and the governing regime may help to provide transparency and participation.

3.7 Governance for growth

Advanced Manufacturing is closely related to governance for growth.Especially for Advanced Manufacturing and Advanced Logistics in international value networks,governance for growth forms part of all the growth drivers for businesses and governments[21、16、23、17].

In addition to the necessary efforts of businesses to integrate ICT and CPPS functions for Advanced Manufacturing,there must be efforts on the part of governments to determine current deficits and implement timely remedial policies.Governance also plays an important role in creating the right urban framework conditions for Advanced Manufacturing,for example regarding urban planning,development strategies,infrastructure,logistics,and so forth.In this context,metropolitan regions and urban areas should be seen as governance systems.They need to be reformed so that they are able to organize and control the multi-sectoral challenges facing them,especially those linked to Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics.

An analysis of 312 specific actions in 12 smart cities in Europe concludes that to realize more intelligent urban development,governments need to develop a coordinative framework and bridge the interactions among enterprises,organizations,and citizens.In the process toward Advanced Manufacturing,effective control and coordination from governments could play important roles[29].

4 Conclusions

Advanced Manufacturing and Advanced Logistics are topics that have been shown to be relevant to support all the dimensions of qualitative growth.They have high potential to impact the economic development positively,to enable a green urban economy,and to provide an essential contribution to sustainable urban development by its potential positive effects on

·Smart growth,

·Sustainable growth,

·Inclusive and shared growth,

·Integrated growth,and

·Resilient growth,

provided that there is an appropriate governance for growth supporting the concepts of Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics and the supporting economic and urban framework conditions.

These aspects may become decisive for the success of the Made in China strategy and the Chinese urbanization strategy.They are relevant for Chinese-German relations and future cooperation between these two countries.

Meanwhile,Advanced Manufacturing has a profound influence on the ways different urban elements are interrelated and linked,on the ways city residents think and act,and on the ways residents react to nature and society.The vision of a“better city,better life”will only be realizable through a sustainable approach,including Advanced Manufacturing,that fits the essence of human existence and development[30].

Source of Figures

Figure 1:References[13,p17],based on a figure by the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and additions on urban development by the Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development.