高中英语语法连词练习
高中英语语法连词练习(精选8篇)
高中英语语法连词练习 第1篇
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中考英语连词用法专练
1. ―Oh, I failed again
―Don’t lose heart. One more effort, ________ you will succeed.
A. so that B. therefore C. however D. and
2. ________ a difficult situation, so you should send him a message and give him some advice.
A. As he is in B. He is in C. Being in D. He being in
3. She said she would work it out herself, ________ ask me for help.
A. and not to B. but not C. and prefer not D. rather than
4. ________ enough time, but I couldn’t do it better.
A. I was given B. Given C. To be given D. Though I was given
5. ―How can I wake up so early?
―Set the alarm at 5 o’clock, ________ you’ll make it.
A. but B. or C. and D. so
6. For a person with reading habits, a printed page contains not only words ________ ideas, thoughts and feelings.
A. yet B. and C. or D. but
7. Information technology is taught in most schools, ________ we have entered the information society.
A. so B. while C. still D. for
8. English is understood all over the world ________ Turkey is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself.
A. while B. when C. if D. as
9. I was on the point of going to bed ________ Mr. Zhang rang.
A. as B. when C. while D. and
10. I asked him whether he had done all the work himself ________ whether he had had any assistance.
A. and B. but C. nor D. or
11. In some countries, ________ are called public schools are not owned by the public.
A. which B. as C. what D. that
12. ________ happens in the world makes us happy and sad by turns.
A. That B. What C. Which D. Whether
13. I read about this story in some book or other, does it matter ________ it was?
A. where B. what C. how D. which
14. One of the men present held the view ________ the book said was right.
A. what that B. what C. that D. that what
15. ________ I had walked for six hours, I was tired out.
A. After B. Before C. When D. As
16. Tom make up his mind to get a seat for the football match ________ it means standing in a queue all night.
A. as if B. as though C. even if D. whatever
17. The roof fell ________ he had time to dash into the house to save his baby.
A. as B. after C. until D. before
18. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.
A. as B. since C. when D. after
19. I have been keeping that photo ________ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my college days.
A. which B. where C. whether D. when
20. You may borrow this book ________ you promise to give it back.
A. in case B. so long as C. as if D. even if
21. ________ the man grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
22. ________ you understand this rule, you’ll have no further difficulty.
A. Once B. Unless C. As D. Until
23. I had no sooner got back to the kitchen ________ the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead.
A. when B. than C. as D. while
24. I criticized him, you know, not ________ I hate him but ________ I love him.
A. because; because B. because; for C. for; because D. for; for
25. ________ he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.
A. If B. Unless C. Even if D. Even though
26. She worked hard ________ everything would be ready by the time he came back.
A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
27. He waited ________ the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later.
A. when B. before C. as D. until
28. ―May I go and play football with Dick this afternoon, Dad?
―No, you can’t go out ________ your work is being done.
A. before B. until C. as D. after
29. A warning news report from Qatar announces that a group of Islam will continue to kill Americans wherever they are ________ they leave the Arab world forever.
A. even though B. in case C. whenever D. until
30. I was so familiar with her that I recognized her voice ________ I picked up the phone.
A. the moment B. after C. before D. while
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高中英语语法连词练习 第2篇
介词分为:
① 简单介词,如at、in、for等;
② 合成介词,如within、inside、onto、througout等;
③ 短语介词,如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。
④ 双重介词,如from behind / above / under、until after等。
⑤ 分词介词,如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。
常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。
如:
①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.
②He quarrelled with her yesterday.
③He succeeded in passing the final exam.
④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.
⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.
2. 介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。
如:
①This machine is in good condition.(表语)
②Where is the key to my bike?(定语)
③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)
设计好英语语法练习题 第3篇
SEFC教材Unit1 (Book 1) 中的练习主要是把直接引语变为间接引语或把间接引语变为直接引语。笔者发现, 许多学生在学完这一语法项目后, 不能准确地把直接引语变为间接引语或把间接引语变为直接引语, 尤其在人称变化、时态变化等方面存在着问题。根据这一现象, 笔者以改错或单选形式重新设计语法练习题, 突出了直接引语和间接引语的重点:连接代 (副) 词、语序、主句和从句时态一致等。例如:
(1) The woman told us that she doesn’t like American movies very much.
(2) Sarah’s friend asked Sarah that she was going to mail the gifts to her parents.
(3) I asked him how often did he go to visit his hometown.
以上三个例句突出反映了直接引语变间接引语时存在的问题。例 (1) 主句用过去式, 从句也要用相应的过去式, 所以“doesn’t”应改为didn’t。例 (2) 主句为asked, 所以从句应为疑问句, 连接词“that”应改为if或whether。例 (3) 连接词“how often”后应为陈述语序, 所以应改为:I asked him how often he wento visit his home town.
另外, 还可以把直接引语和间接引语练习改为单项选择形式, 让学生直接接触高考题型, 更好地掌握这一语法项目。例如:
Peter asked Jim_____________
A.What difference it made.
B.What difference does it make.
C.What difference it makes.
D.What difference did make.
答案为A项。
这样的语法练习题突出了直接引语变间接引语的重点:选择正确的连接词;从句用陈述句语序;主句和从句的时态一致。
区别异同
SEFC高一教材Book1中的Unit 4和Unit 5主要学习定语从句。定语从句的关键是理清关系代词和关系副词在从句中所作的成分及各自的用法;弄清tha和which的区别及限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别。但笔者认为书中定语从句的语法练习题, 在区别关系代词及关系副词异同方面涉及较少, 如果把定语从句语法练习题设计成侧重对比that which, when, where异同的改错或单选练习题, 能更好地帮助学生掌握定语从句。例如:
(1) I will never forget the days__________ I stayed in your beautiful country.
(2) September 18, 1931 is the day___________ we’ll never forget.
A.when B.in which
C.that D.for which
在例 (1) 中, 先行词the days在定语从句中作时间状语, 故选A项;在例 (2) 中, 先行词the day在定语从句中作forget的宾语, 故选C项。
创设语境
SEFC教材Book1中的Unit 7、Unit 8和Unit 9的语法以被动语态为主, 但笔者认为书中的被动语态练习题主要以被动语态的基本结构和用法的操练为主, 缺乏具体的语境和情景。所以在进行这一部分的练习时, 教师应从学生的实际出发, 提供一些通过具体语境来完成的练习, 改变学生死记硬背语法规则的习惯。如可以让学生做一些有具体语境的被动语态练习题:
(1) I have to go to work by taxi because my car_________ at the garage.
A.will be repaired B.is repaired
C.is being repaired D.has been repaired
(2) Visitors __________not to touch the exhibits.
A.will request B.request
C.are requesting D.are requested
句 (1) 的答案为C项, 句 (2) 的答案为D项。
高中英语语法连词练习 第4篇
关键词:《醒世姻缘传》 转折连词 “只是” 语法化
《醒世姻缘传》(下文简称《醒》)是明末清初一部具有山东方言背景的小说,其中保留了大量的口语资料,是近代汉语研究不可多得的语料。“只是”是现代汉语中一个常见的转折连词。在《醒》中,它有连词与非连词的不同用法。本文拟对《醒》中转折连词“只是”的语法化过程和动因进行初步探究。
一、“只是”的用法
通过分析,我们把《醒世姻缘传》中“只+是”的用法分为三类:词组、副词和连词。
(一)“只是”作为词组
此时,“是”被“只”修饰,“只+是”构成一个表偏正意义的词组,全书共9例,如:
(1)那和尚不得认的,和青梅同走,只怕也只是个姑子。”(第八回)
(2)魏运道:“只是个妇人罢了,还论甚么老少!”(第三十九回)
(3)姑子说:“别要指望太过。你这望得太过,你看得就不如你的意了。你淡淡的指望,只是个媳妇罢了……”(第四十回 )
(4)晁思才道:“这没的是嫂子强着谁来?只是嫂子的好处在人心里……”(第三十二回)
可以看出,“只+是”作为一个词组出现时,“是”作判断动词,“只”可以释为“仅仅”。“只是”构成的偏正词组,是句子的谓语中心,其后跟的宾语是名词性成分。就语义说,“只+是”中的“是”对其后的名词性成分一般起判断作用,“只”则限定了“是”的判断范围。
(二)“只是”用作副词
根据“只是”与后面成分的语义关系又可以分为四个小类:
第一类,表限定义的副词,修饰VP,全书共10例。如:
(5)禹明吾道:“他也不大会画甚么,就只是画几笔柳树合杏花,也还不大好。看来倒只是卖春线罢了。”(第四回)
(6)他又尝与人说道:“我行医有独得之妙,真是约言不烦:治那富翁子弟,只是消食清火为主……”(第四回)
(7)谁知他瞒了老邢,遍申了文书开去。得了关院的这等温旨,自己回去的念头止住了,只是收拾打发晁大舍同珍哥回去。(第七回)
这一类中,“只是”表示限定某种行为或动作的范围,可以释为“仅仅、光”,一般用在谓词性短语之前。
第二类,表动作持续的副词,修饰VP,全书共12例。如:
(8)只见一个家人媳妇慌慌张张的说道:“大爷不知怎的,身上大不自在,不省人事,只是谵语,快请大奶奶前去看守!”(第二回)
(9)那日刘海斋到,他又说:‘丫头,姐姐要水哩,姐夫要下房。’把个刘海斋喜的极了,只是缠着问我要。(第七回)
(10)薛夫人道:“我白日后晌的教道了这半月,实指望他较好些了,谁知他还这们强。没的说,只是难为亲家,求亲家担待罢了!”(第四十八回)
这一小类中,副词“只是”表示某种动作行为的持续或反复,可以释为“一直”“一个劲地”。
第三类,表示动作行为不变的副词,全书共12例。如:
(11)他心里说:“这有甚干系,小产不过是气血虚了,‘十全大补汤’一帖下去,补旺了气血,自然好了。况我运气好的时节,凭他怎么歪打,只是正着。”(第四回)
(12)晁大舍又听了“拘邪捉鬼”四个字,那里肯打脱?添到三十五、三十八、四十、四十五,那人只是不卖。(第六回)
“只是”在上述例句中表示在任何条件下动作行为都照旧不变,可以释为“就是”。
第四类,表确定语气的副词,修饰VP,全书共4例。如:
(13)晁大舍走了一走,那人拿出一把绿豆来,说道:“爷去了,不买你,只是饿死了!”(第六回)
(14)晁大舍道:“高四嫂,你千万受些委曲,我自有补报,只是临了教你老人家足了心,喜欢个够……”(第十二回)
(15)赵哑子道:“这位察院爷只喜人说实话,这上头不大追求你。情管我这状递上去,只是叫他吃了亏就是,狄爷,你要三两银子谢我。”(第八十一回)
在这种用法中,“只是”表示的是一种确定的语气,可以释为“肯定、一定”。
副词“只是”的后三种类型与本文要讨论的转折连词无关,后文不作论述。
(三)“只是”用作连词
这种用法在《醒》中非常多,主要连接分句,一般用在后一分句的开头,意思重在前一小句,后一小句补充修正上文的意思,也可以连接句子和段落。全书共有211例。如:
(16)凭是甚么神人、圣人、贤人、哲人,有这三乐固是完全,若不遇这三乐,别的至道盛德、懿行纯修,都可凭得造诣,下得功夫,只是这三乐里边遇不着,便是阙略。(引起)
(17)萧北川见了银子大米,虽是欢喜,却道也还寻常,只是见了那一沙坛酒,即如晁大舍见珍哥好起病的一般……(第五回)
(18)真是:何郎傅粉三分白,荀令留裾五日香。只是读书欠些聪明,性地少些智慧。(第一回)
(19)说道:“公公两次托梦,甚是分明;若不依了公公,必定就是祸事。我们连忙收拾往爹娘任里去。——只是爹娘见在华亭,公公屡次说北去,这又令我不省。”(第三回)
(20)素姐吃完起身,韦美的娘子也不曾出送,止有韦美合老尼送上头口。风餐水宿,不日到了明水。一路平安,无有话说。只是素姐那日自家中起身,并不曾说与一个人知道。住房的人,只见吕祥回家,当时不多一会,素姐和吕祥都不知去向,遥地里被人无所不猜,再没有想到是赶狄希陈的船只。(第八十八回)
上述用例中的“只是”均是作转折连词的。例(16)和例(17)连接的是小句,例(18)和例(19)连接的是句子,例(20)连接的是段落。《醒》中,作为转折连词出现的“只是”数量可观,一般用来连接两个具有逆转或意外语义关系的语言单位,可以用“不过”来替代。
下面利用语法化的相关理论来具体分析 “只是”是怎样演化成转折连词的。
二、转折连词“只是”成词理据的共时推测
语法化是有层次的,不同词类其语法化程度是不一样的,一般是由语法化程度较低的词类向语法化程度较高的词或短语发展。通过对《醒》中“只是”用例的分析,可以看出,从词组“只是”到转折连词“只是”实际上构成了一个语法化程度逐渐加深的序列:在词组“只是”中,“是”是一个动词,表判断,在句子中充当谓语,“只”与“是”构成偏正短语,意思是“仅仅是”;当“只是”放在谓语前边,修饰限定谓语时,它就成了副词,意思是“仅仅、只”;最后,“只是”位于后一部分的开头,表示转折义,意思相当于“但、但是、不过”。所以我们能认定,表限制的副词“只是”是由词组“只是”发展而来的,而作为连词的“只是”则是由表限定的副词演化而来的。
沈家煊先生(1998)指出:虚化最终是一个共时平面上的心理语言学的问题。有些词的虚化经历了长达一千年的时间,而虚化的机制是从日常语言交往中的细微变化中揭示出来的,因此,虚化研究还是要把精力集中于考察在某一共时平面的各种具体用法上。既然语言共时平面的变异是历时演变不同阶段不同层次的反映,那么从研究方法上讲,在历时线索还不明朗的情况下,可以先通过共时平面的分析来构拟历时演变过程,然后用历时材料来验证和修正。
在我们所列举的例句中,虽然“只+是”作为偏正词组和“只是”作为限制的副词两种用法并存,但是在理论上,它们仍然是源和流的关系。因为较抽象的副词大多是由语义较具体的词和短语演变而来的,所以副词“只是”应该由意义较实的词或短语发展而来。具体来说就是偏正词组“只是”中的“是”,其表示判断的意义逐渐消失,以至于失去了动词义。同时,“只”和“是”从很松散的修饰关系发展到后来凝固在一起。这个过程大体经过了两个阶段:
第一阶段,“只+是+N/NP”,具有“仅仅是N/NP”的意思,例如上面的例(1)可以翻译成“仅仅是一个姑子”。就语义说,“只+是”中的“是”对其后的名词性成分一般起判断作用,“只”则限定了“是”的判断范围。
第二阶段,“只+是+VP”,由于类推作用,“只+是”后面可以跟一个谓词性成分,这就使得“是”的动词性加速萎缩,中心动词的地位开始动摇,在这种情况下,很难把“是”看成是中心动词,相反更容易把后面的“VP”看成谓语中心,这样“是”的判断义消失并逐渐跟“只”凝固在一起表示对后面谓语的限制,成为一个表示限定义的副词,释为“仅仅”。
下面再来看表限制的副词“只是”是如何转化为转折连词的。
通过研究语料发现,转折连词“只是”也出现在唐代,并且用例很多,它几乎总是用在转折复句后一部分的开头,表示轻微转折,略同于转折连词“不过”,只是语气更为委婉。例如:
(21)此情可待成追忆,只是当时已惘然。(李商隐《锦瑟》)
(22)御泉长绕凤凰楼,只是恩波别处流。(刘驾《相和歌辞·长门怨》)
从语义关系上看,“只是”作为限定副词表示的意思是“仅仅”,具有将被修饰的部分限制于某一范围的作用。如果话题前一段给出一个信息,后面再在前面信息的基础上说明不同的情况,对前一种情况补充或修正,并将这一补充或修正限制为“仅仅……”,在语义-逻辑关系上就形成了一种转折,正是在这种语言环境下“只是”变成了连词。沈家煊(1998)引用国外研究成果介绍“虚化的机制”时谈到:“如果一种话语形式经常传递某种隐含义,这个隐含义就逐渐固化,最后成为那种形式固有的意义,这种后起的意义甚至可能取代原有的意义”。转折连词“只是”的产生就与“只是”表示限制范围的语义有关,限制与前句相反或相对的情况,发展出表转折的功能。吕叔湘先生曾谈到,“只是”连词的用法和“反”“倒”“偏”等限制词显然属于两类:那些字的本义是溢出预期,“只是”和“不过”则义在修正。这一见解精辟地点出了“只是”表转折的特点,而从来源上考,这正是因为“只是”作转折连词的语法意义是由它作为限定副词的词汇意义发展而来。
自“只是”作为转折连词的用法在唐代产生以后,宋、元、明、清以及现代汉语语料中均有体现,生命力很强。“只是”的语法化过程就是功能的扩展过程,“只是”的语义由实到虚,形成一个简便的序列,同时“只是”的动词性减弱,在句子中的地位下降到充当修饰成分的地位,而它的功能进一步扩展,能修饰动词性的谓语。到这里,“只是”并没有停止发展,而是进一步语法化为连词,它的句法功能又一次得到扩展,发展到可以连接任意两个有转折义的句子。至此,“只是”完成了其转折连词的形成过程。
通过对《醒》中的转折连词“只是”形成方式的共时推测,可以知道转折连词的形成就是一个语法化的过程。另外,汉语史上许多转折连词来源于限定范围副词,也就是说表示限定的副词很容易用于表示转折,例如“不过”“但”的转折连词用法的形成都是这种情况。
《醒》中的大部分转折连词与现代汉语中的转折连词在语用和语法功能上几乎一致。这表明,到了近代汉语时期,语言的发展已经渐趋成熟,也说明了近代汉语为现代汉语词汇和语法的产生和发展奠定了基础。
参考文献:
[1]西周生.醒世姻缘传[M].济南:齐鲁书社,1984.
[2]沈家煊.实词虚化的机制——《演化而来的语法》评价[J].当代语言学,1998,(3).
[3]吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982.
[4]席嘉.与副词“只”有关的几个连词的历时考察[J].武汉大学学报(人文科学版),2004,(6).
[5]王霞.转折连词“不过”的来源及语法化过程[J].河北师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003,(2).
[6]段德森.实用古汉语虚词详释[M].太原:山西人民出版社,1986.
中考英语语法连词复习 第5篇
1. Usually we dont realize how important nature is to us______ it is too late.
A. unless B. until C. if D. after
2.Go to bed early,______ you wont get up on time next morning.
A.then B.and C.but D.or
3.Tony is a clever boy,______ he usually fails in Chinese exams.
A.so B.but C.or D. because
4. Could you please give me your e-mail address ____ you go?
A. as soon as B. before C. after D. until
5. Dont get off the bus ____ it has stopped .
A. until B. if C. to D. for
6. He met many problems ____ he was going over his lessons .
A. before B. as soon as C. since D. while
7. We have been good friends ____ we joined the same ping-pong team.
A. after B. before C. since D. until
8. My brother is going to look for another job______the company offers him more money.
A. after B.when C unless D.besides
9. I didnt know he came back ____ I met him in the street.
A. since B. when C. until D. after
10. -Look! Here comes our school bus.
-No hurry. Dont get on it ______it has stopped.
A. until B. after C. since D. when
11. When someone is ill, he ____ she should try to smile at life.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
12. Come ____ see my family.
A. and B. or C. but D.until
13. - How long have you known the doctor ?
- ____ he helped me three years ago.
A. When B. Before C. Because D. Since
14. Study hard, ____ youll fall behind the others.
A. and B. but C. or D. though
15.-Be careful, ____ you will make mistakes in your exams.
-I know that,Mum.One can never be too careful.
A.and B.or C.nor D.but
16.I arrived at the airport____ the plane had taken off.
A.after B.while C.when D.beflore
17.Uncle Wang gave all his savings to the Hope School____ he himself was not rich.
A.because B.as if C.though D.or
18. The dress fits me well,____ I dont want to buy it because its too expensive.
A. so B. and C. or D. but
19. English is interesting, _____ I didnt like it at first.
A. and B. so C. but D. or
20. -Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
-I will ________ Im not too busy.
A. and B. if C. so D. but
大学英语四级语法精要:连词 第6篇
并列连词
表示意义的引申: and, bothand, not onlybut(also), as well as, and as well, neithernor
表示选择: or, eitheror
表示转折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)
表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence
从属连词
表示时间: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once
表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that
表示条件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition (that),
高中英语语法连词练习 第7篇
1.动词
表示动作、行为的一类词。
动词的数量成千上万,词形变化最多,就用极其广泛。例如:
walk, run, jump, eat, drink, speak, sing,swim, shout
Just walk.Don’t run.
走就行了,别跑。
When you are eating,you’d better not speak too much.
吃东西时最好不要讲太多话。
2.介词
表示与名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词的关系的一种虚词。
介词常用的大概有50个,但是应用非常广泛,与名词、动词、形容词构成了大量的固定搭配。例如:
in, for, of, because of, below, upon
In China above one hundred million people are learning English.
在中国超过1亿的人在学英语。
You shouldn’t give it up because of one failure.
你不应该因为一次失败就放弃。
3.连词
表示连接单词与单词、词组与词组、句子与句子的一种虚词。
连词不能独立作为句子成分,只起连接作用。
连词有几十个。例如:
And, or, but, so, that, so that, if,although, as long as, whatever
You and Ihave to hurry up.
你和我必须加快速度。
If you are late, you must apologize.
如果迟到,那么你必须道歉。
4.感叹词
表达强烈感情的一类词。
常用的感叹词有20个左右,它们在句子中一般位于句首,作为一个独立成分,不影响其他句子成分。例如:
Oh, ah, well, alas, my God
Oh, what a wonderful present!
啊,这礼物太好了!
Well, the hotel is not that bad。
唉,这个旅馆也不是太差吗!
作者|丹丹英语
英语若干词类的连词化及其翻译 第8篇
1 名词连词化
可以作连词的名词有:
1.1“the+瞬间名词”, the moment, the instant, the minute, the second。相当于as soon as。译为“一……就……”。如:
The second the bell rang, the students dashed out of the classroom.
铃声一响, 学生们就都跑出了教室。
The instant the firemen heard the alarm, they fell in for action.
消防队员们一听到警报, 立即集合准备行动。
I sent you the news the moment I heard it.
我一听到这消息, 就立刻通知你了。
Although we hadn’t met for over30 years, I recognized him the minute Isaw him.
尽管我们有三十多年没见面了, 但我一眼就认出了他。
1.2 time作连词用, 可以与each, every, any构成each time, every time, any time, 译为“每当, 每次, 无论何时”, time还可以与序数词first, second, third, last构成the first (second, third, last) time, 也可以和其他修饰语如all, whole等连用, 译为“第一 (二、三, 最后次) ”。
The last time I saw her in the house, she was only a pretty girl of six years old.
我上次在她家见到她时, 她还只是一个漂亮的6岁小女孩。
The third time he did the experiment, he succeeded.
他第3次做实验时, 终于成功了。
He helps me out every time I’m in trouble.
每当我遇到麻烦, 他总是帮助我摆脱困境。
You are welcome to ask me questions any time you want to.
任何时候都欢迎你提问。
1.3表示一段时间的词, 与定冠词构成the+morning, afternoon, evening, night, day, month, year, spring, summer, autumn, winter。可译为“那天上午 (下午、晚上、年、月、春天、秋天、夏天、冬天等) 。
He was born the year the People’s Republic of China was founded.
他与共和国同龄。
Her brother went to study abroad the year she finished middle school.
她中学毕生那年她的哥哥出国留学了。
Having nothing else to do, they decided to go to the cinema the day they first met.
他们初次见面那天, 因为没有别的事做, 决定去看一场电影。
1.4 way, 可以作连词, 分别相当于how, as, how much, according as, since, in order that等。译为“如何, 既然, 照……, 就……, 多……”。
He saw it the way (=as) he saw things when he was going to sleep.
他看它, 就像他要入睡时看东西那样。
No wonder that girl despises me, the way (=since) you encourage her.
由于你的唆使, 难怪那女孩轻视我。
It is very necessary the way we should be ready to follow others’advice.
对于我们来说, 乐于接受别人的建议是很有必要的 (the way相当于that, 不充当成分, 未译出) 。
Tell me where they bury him, the way (=in order that) I can follow after them through the street.
告诉我他们会把他埋在什么地方, 以便我能穿过去跟随他们。
“The way (=according as) it looks to me”he said slowly, “you’re in a spot.”
“照我看来, ”他慢慢地说, “你处在困境”。
2 分词连词化
与分词同形的从属连词, 它们与动词关系密切, 处于动词和连词的临界状态, 被称为“临界连词”。
2.1 provided (providing) that, 用来引出规定的明确条件, 相当于“o n condition that, if”, 译为“只要, 如果, 要是……”。
I will come provided (that) I am well enough.
只要我身体好了, 我就来。
We shall go providing (that) my expenses are paid。
要是我的费用有人代付, 我就去。
Providing (Provided that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果没有反对意见的话, 我们就在这儿举行会议。
2.2 granted (granting) that, 相当于even though, 译为“即使, 就算……”。
Granted that you’ve made some progress, you should not be conceited.
即使你有了一些进步, 你也不应该骄傲自大。
Granting that you are right you should not treat her that way.
就算你对, 你也不应该那样对待她。
2.3 seeing (that) , 相当于“considering the fact (that) , since”, 译为“鉴于……的事实, 既然, 照……看来”。
Seeing (that) she’s lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t see how you can stop her.
既然她已到了法定结婚年龄, 我不理解你为何阻止她。
Seeing (that) everyone is here, we may as well get into the train.
既然大家都来了, 不妨上车吧。
2.4 supposing (suppose) , 相当于if, 译为“如果, 假使”。
Suppose (Supposing) he is absent, what shall we do?
假使他不在, 我们怎么办?
2.5 considering, 意为“if one takes into account the rather surprising f a c t t h a t”, 译为“考虑到, 鉴于”。
Considering he’s only been learning English he speaks it very well.
(考虑到) 他一直在学英语, 讲英语讲得很好。
He did poorly in his examinations, considering he had studied hard for them.
他备考狠下工夫, 但考得不好。 (未译出)
2.6 assuming, 相当于“if”, 译为“假如”。
Assuming that the movie starts at eight, shouldn’t we leave now?
假如电影8点上映, 我们现在还不动身吗?
Assuming it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?
假如明天下雨, 我们该怎么办呢?
2.7 given, 相当于“supposing that, that, considering, ”, 译为“假如, 如果, 考虑到”。
Given that they’re inexperienced, they’ve done a good job.
考虑到他们没有经验, 这工作他们是做得不错的。
Given that this work was produced under particularly difficult circumstances, the result is better than could be expected.
如果这项工作是在特别艰苦的环境下完成的话, 其结果可以说比原来所预料的要好。
3介词连词化
将介词也作从属连词是一种不断发展的新趋势, 可作连词的介词常见的有like, without, except, about, on, account (of) , 尤其是like, without更为常见。
3.1 1ike作连词时, 相当于“as, as if”, 译为“如同, 好像。”
It rained like the skies were falling.
雨下得好像天都快塌下来了。
I feel like I’m starving to death.
我感到自己快饿死了。 (未译出)
It sounds to me like they don’t know what is going on either.
我听他们的口气似乎他们也不知道所发生的事情。
The situation here is beginning to look more like it did in the days immediately following Pearl Harbor.
这里的形势开始更加类似珍珠港刚发生后的那种样子。
3.2 without作连词时, 相当于unless, 译为“除非, 如果不”。
They can’t go without they get permission.
他们未经许可是不准出去的。
You will never succeed without you work hard.
你如果不努力, 就不会成功。
I’ll not go without I hear from him.
除非他通知我, 我是不去的。
You don’t know about him without you have read his book.
除非你看过他写的书, 否则你是不会子解他的。
3.3 except意同“apart from, unless, but”, 译为“除……之外, 除非”。
I would go, except it’s too far.,
我想去, 但就是太远了。
3.4另外, about, on account (of) 也可作从属连词, 这是较新出现的例子。
She explained to us about there’s nothing for teenagers in the village.
她向我们解释道, 村子里没什么事可供青少年做的 (未译出) 。
I can’t come now on account (of) I have to look after my baby brother.
因为我必须照看我的小弟弟, 所以现在不能来。
4副词连词化
副词directly, immediately, instantly也可以作连词, 相当于“as soon as”, 意为“一……就……”。
Directly I had done it, I knew Ihad made a mistake.
我刚一做完这事, 就知道我做错了。
He made for the door directly he heard the knock.
一听到敲门声, 他就跑去开门了。
You may leave immediately he comes.
他一来到, 你就可以走了。
I recognized her instantly l saw her.
我一看见她就把她认出来了。
5冠词连词化
当定冠词以the more...the more这种形式出现时the充当着连词的作用, 前面的是从句, 后面的是主句。译为“越……越……, 愈……愈……”。
The more he gets the more he wants.
他得到的愈多, 想要的就愈多。
The more he reads the less he understands.
他愈读愈读不懂。
The more you argue with him the less notice he takes.
你越与他争论, 他就越不注意。
通过上面这些多种词类连词化的翻译, 可以看出, 这些词的恰当翻译, 在不同的上下文有不同的翻译, 如何翻译得更贴切, 需要读者具备扎实的语言功底, 并具有丰富的翻译经验, 才能翻译出符合国人理解习惯的译文。
参考文献
[1]Quirk, R.S-Greenbaum, G.Leech&J.Svartvik.1998.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.London:Longman.
[2]章振邦.新编英语语法.上海译文出版社.2004
[3]何善芬.英汉语言对比研究.上海外语教育出版社.2002
高中英语语法连词练习
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