翻译英文范文
翻译英文范文(精选8篇)
翻译英文 第1篇
()以琳翻译
传递语言 更传递竞争的力量
英文合同翻译价格 英文合同翻译需要多少钱
在企业的经营过程中,有时候可能会涉及到翻译这个问题,但是一般的小企业并没有专门的人去做这件事情,大部分都是外包。那么对于企业来讲,翻译一份英文合同需要多少钱呢?作为浙江省最大的翻译公司,以琳翻译就在这里为大家解读一下。
一般来讲,翻译这项服务都是以字数来计价的,市场上的一般的价格是50-80元/千字,这是一个基本的价格。但是不同的公司的专业性质不一样的话,所给出的价格也是不一样的。对于公司的衡量标准来讲,影响价格的因素主要有:公司的资历、翻译人员的专业性、翻译文件的种类、难度等。所以,如果你需要去找翻译公司去服务,那么就需要考虑这些方面的东西。而对于合同这种文件,对于公司来讲是十分重要的,所以也需要去找专业的公司去进行翻译,如果是找一个资质不够的公司或者团队,那么就可能产生一些意想不到的问题,从而影响到公司的最终利益。
下面,我们来看看以琳翻译给出的翻译的价格。
从上面的价格可以看出,以琳翻译给出的价格是高于一般市场上的价格的,最低级别的翻译是160元/千字,然后分为A、B、C三级。C级译稿为普通中籍译员+中籍译员审核,满足客户对译文的普通要求。这是对于一般的合同而言的,但是如果是部分专业性质较强或者要求比较高的译文的话,那么可以选择更高级别的翻译,当然价格还是相对比较高的。
那么以琳翻译的资质是怎么样呢?我们再来看一下。
杭州以琳翻译有限公司是浙江省最大的实体翻译公司、中国翻译协会单位会员、美国翻译协会会员、全国翻译专业硕士研究生教育实习基地、西博会指定合作伙伴、以琳杭州翻译公司翻译团队成员均具有五年以上专业翻译、项目管理经验,绝大部分成员具有十年以上行业翻译经验。翻译服务涵盖英语、法语、韩语、日语、德语、俄语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、()以琳翻译
传递语言 更传递竞争的力量
意大利语、希腊语、荷兰语、阿拉伯语、波斯语、印尼语、土耳其语、蒙古语、越南语、印地语、乌尔都语、马来语和塞尔维亚语等30多个语种,业务遍及国内主要城市和部分国际性大都市。而同样拥有这样的资质的翻译公司,通过对网络上报价的调查,最低的翻译价格也达到200元/千字左右,所以,通过对比来讲,以琳翻译的价格是性价比十分高的。
选择一个专业的翻译公司,对于企业来讲十分重要,以琳翻译认为虽然很多人在价格方面也有要求,但是在商业活动中,做什么事情,最后的结果才是衡量的标准。所以,看了以上的报价以及各项对比之后,你是不是对于翻译这个行业有大致的了解了,而合同翻译的大致价格相信你在心里面也大致有了一个定数。
翻译英文 第2篇
During school, as the campus postman, conscientiously perform their duties, instantly send and receive letters, access to teachers and students alike.
As a long hostel, self-discipline, wide to treat people, unite students, enthusiastic to solve the problem of roommate, and strive to do their own work. Do not live up to the trust of the big guy.
IT skills
翻译英文 第3篇
1. Literal Translation
According to the Webster’s New International Dictionary (second edition) , literal translation is“of translations, transcriptions, etc., representing or following the letter or exact words, not free.”Literal translation is widely used in the field of English film titles translation.Here we take some film titles for example:
Original Sin《原罪》, Saving Private Ryan《拯救大兵瑞恩》, Schindler’s List《辛德勒的名单》, The Lord of Rings《指环王》, The Graduate《毕业生》, Artificial Intelligence《人工智能》, The English Patient《英国病人》.
From these film titles we can see that the biggest advantage of literal translation is that it keeps the linguistic styles as that of the original titles, making the translated Chinese titles to be similar with the English ones to the most extent.Besides, literal translation makes the target language film titles equivalent to the original ones both in their styles and in language habits.
2. Free Translation
Except the literal translation, free translation is also a major means used in translating English film titles.Because of the differences (including geographic difference, history difference, religion difference, etc.) between the languages of English and Chinese, some film titles can not be simply translated into Chinese literally.Under such circumstances, free translation is necessary.
According to the Webster’s New International Dictionary (second edition) , free translation is“departing more or less from faithfulness to the original, not literal or exact”.
The film Ghost was shot in 1990.It’s a beautiful love story between a human-being and a ghost.According to the plot of the film, we can translate it into《人鬼情未了》.If we literally translate it into《鬼》, it will mislead the audience that it is a horror movie.
Other film titles like Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》, The Rock《勇闯夺命岛》, Eraser《毁灭者》, Courage under Fire《生死豪情》, The Mask《变相怪杰》, It’s a Wonderful Life《风云人物》, The Gun《壮志凌云》, Stuart Little《精灵鼠小弟》, The Bone Collector《神秘拼图》, Waterloo Bridge《魂断廊桥》, etc., all adopt the means of free translation.
Free translation to the most extent depends on the translator’s ability to select words and to modify the film titles without losing their meaning.It is also a main method used in translating English film titles.
3. The Combination of Literal and Free Translation
The combination of literal and free translation can be used in the situation when applying literal or free translation does not achieve a best film title.
Here are some translated film titles used the means of the combination of literal and free translation, such as Scream《夺命狂呼》The Fugitive《亡命天涯》, Dr.Dolittle《怪医杜立特》, Seven《七宗罪》, The One《救世主》, A Knight’s Tale《骑士风云录》, Cats&Dogs《猫狗大战》, Chocolate《浓情巧克力》, Tomorrow Never Dies《明日帝国》, Rush Hour《尖峰时刻》, etc.
This means is probably applied to most of English film titles translation.The translator maximizes his imagination based on the literal meaning of original film titles and the plot of films, achieving a balance between original and target language.
4. Conclusion
Film title is the first impression on the audience.How to translate English film titles concisely remains a top priority to a translator Three methods of translating English film titles mentioned in this article should be adopted flexibly in the process of translation.Meanwhile the translator should maximize one’s imagination to make more creative translation.
摘要:随着娱乐产业的不断发展, 电影已成为人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。英文电影名称是否得到妥善的翻译, 将会影响电影的宣传。本文将探讨三种主要的翻译方法。
关键词:电影名称,翻译
参考文献
翻译英文 第4篇
【关键词】翻译美学 英文诗歌 版本比对 审美体验
一、引言
翻译作为一种艺术活动与美学有着不解之缘。无论从理论上还是实践上,美学对翻译都有一定的借鉴意义。本文通过《The stolen child》的两个翻译版本,简要研究翻译美学与文学诗歌翻译的关系,探讨翻译美学的不同理解对文学审美的借鉴价值和启示意义。
本文选择了《The stolen child》的两个译本进行比对,一个是艾梅翻译的《被偷走的孩子》;另一个版本是周英雄版本的《被拐走的孩子》。(关于题目的翻译,将放于内容分析比对之后)。两种版本有很多地方的不同,如果逐字逐句去对比意义并不大,所以笔者挑选了六处对于诗歌意义会产生不同理解的句子进行简要的对比分析。
二、诗文内容的翻译比对探究
1. fairy vats/faery vats. 诗歌中有一句“There weve hid our fairy vats”。艾梅将“fairy vats”译成“魔桶”,而周英雄的版本中翻译成“仙篮”。“fairy vats”出现在诗歌第一节,通过对“fairy vats”的描述为小孩及读者展开了一个全新的世界,一个不同于我们平时生活的世界。“Fairy”这个词在英语中作名词有仙女的意思,作为形容词它的意思是“魔法、妖法”所以这里艾梅将“fairy vats ”翻译成“魔桶”也并非不可以。当你翻译的诗歌和诗人的原文有所偏差的时候,可能影响整篇文章的意思,所谓失之毫厘差之千里。
2. worlds more full of weeping than you can understand. 这句话在全诗之中出现了三次,出现频率如此之高是因为它是仙女呼唤孩子来这个世界的话语。叶芝原文是“For the worlds more full of weeping than you can understand.”艾梅将这句翻译为“这世界哭声太多,可你不懂。”周英雄的翻译是“世上哭声遍地,你无从了解。”因为全诗都是仙女试图让孩子安心来到这个世界的一种尝试。因此,翻译者在此不仅要考虑到美学意境的用词,还要注意受众心理的角度,此处呼唤的语气应该更具有煽动性和说服力才更加符合原文作者的心理。
3. trouble is anxious in this sleep. 叶芝诗原文是“While the world is full of troubles,and is anxious in this sleep”,艾梅的翻译是“然而这世界充满了烦恼,睡梦中也挤满了无尽的焦虑”,周英雄的翻译是“然而世上烦恼充斥,睡眠中仍不免焦虑”。对这一句的理解要结合第二点谈到的“For the worlds more full of weeping than you can understand.”前文分析过,翻译为孩子们不懂为更佳,因为这样更能反映他们已经意识到麻烦,可却找不到答案和解决方法的心理,所以“anxious in this sleep”翻译为“睡梦中也挤满了无尽的焦虑”会比较好,且此处的“挤满”是点睛之笔。
4. The solemn-eyes. solemn的本意是庄严,因此艾梅将“The solemn-eyed”翻译为“那个眼神庄严的孩子”,周英雄翻译成“这个眼神凝重的孩子”。诗中原文是“A way with us hes going, the solemn-eyed”,意思为那个要和我们一同离去的孩子,在对孩子的眼神形容上,艾梅使用了solemn的原意“庄严”远不及周英雄所译出的“眼神凝重”。庄严于此处并不恰当,审美特征不明显,也不能准确地表达原文主题。
5. Sing peace into his breast. 诗原文“the kettle on the hob, sing peace into his breast”,艾梅的翻译是“水壶在火炉上的低唱,那些曾安抚他心灵的歌谣”;周英雄的翻译是“炉架上的水壶把谧静唱入他胸膛”。周英雄的翻译明显更具审美意境。由此可见,审美对象(原文作品本身)与审美主体(翻译作者)之间,存在一种可以相互渗透的关系。
三、诗文标题翻译比对
论文最开始提到过,在讨论完诗文的正文内容后再讨论题目的翻译更为合适,更易贴近诗文主题。“stolen”通常我们都认为时被偷走的意思,因此会艾梅的题目《被偷走的孩子》更为精准和规矩;但从翻译美学的审美角度来看,周英雄的《被拐走的孩子》的翻译则更为贴切。因为当你读完整首诗,了解大意后,真的会认为孩子是在被迫的情况下追随仙女离开尘世的吗?仙女使用的手段是一方面指出尘世间充斥烦恼,另一方面展现给孩子看另一个世界的美好。最终孩子选择和仙女手牵手,并不是被迫的结果。
四、总结
两首译本如果细细的对比起来,还会有很多细微的不同,但并不影响整篇诗歌的基调。当阅读完这首诗后,其实诗文的本意是在试图描写一个离开尘世的故事。在每个人心中离开尘世的途径和意义各不相同,因此我们所拥有的选择权也大相径庭。但相似的是,每个人生活在尘世的喧嚣中总会有迷失的时候,千万不要因为一时的诱惑而做出让自己后悔的决定,珍惜我们所拥有的美好,让这些美好成为我们选择留在尘世的动力。
参考文献:
论文英文摘要怎么翻译成英文 第5篇
微博是当前最主要的社交媒体之一,它的推广产生了一种新的网络营销方式一微博营销。
企业借助微博平台可以开展一系列的营销活动,以实现其提升知名度,扩大品牌影响力的目的。
微博营销已逐渐成为众多企业不可或缺的营销方式之一。
然而,微博营销作为一种新兴的网络营销方式,它与传统营销方式之间存在重大区别,加之,微博营销效果的影响因素尚未准确界定,营销效果难以科学评价,因此,多数企业开展微博营销存在很大的盲目性,微博营销仍然处于摸索阶段。
微博营销究竟能为企业带来多大效益,这是企业最为关注的问题,然而,对于微博营销效果影响因素及效果评估的科学研宄,目前尚处于稀缺状态。
本文以酒店微博为研宄对象,对微博营销效果的影响因素及营销效果的评估进行深入研究:
在总结现有的关于微博营销的研究基础上,假定各酒店决策层对酒店开展微博营销持有相同的重视程度,主要从受众(微博用户)的角度探究酒店微博营销效果的影响因素。
进而,以AISAS模式为指导,剖析微博用户行为,通过问卷调查,并结合Excel和SPSS19.0数据统计分析,构建酒店微博营销效果的影响模型。
在此基础上,提出微博营销效果的评估指标假设模型,进而利用层次分析法构建完整的评估指标体系一以酒店微博营销综合效果为目标层,以影响力效果、传播效果和转化效果为准则层,
以微博影响力、品牌影响力、互动效果、粉丝价值、实际交易量和顾客满意度等8个指标为分准则层,以微博影响力指数、品牌热议度、品牌搜索数等14个指标为指标层。
最后,将此评估指标体系应用于宁波华侨豪生大酒店和宁波海尚大酒店,通过对酒店微博数据的观察和收集,运用综合指数法测算出酒店微博营销效果指数。
结果显示,这两家酒店微博营销效果收效甚微:
1.两家酒店并未充分利用微博展开各类营销活动,微博营销仍处于低水平,微博营销的开展并未使酒店的品牌知名度有明显的提升;
2.关于被转发数、被评论数和点赞数,两家酒店均不理想,粉丝中,认证粉丝比例较低,而活跃粉丝比例较为可观,但互动类活动组织很少,如何吸引大量粉丝关注,提升粉丝价值是两家酒店亟待解决的难题;
3.实际交易量并不乐观,虽然有较高的顾客满意度,但调查期内顾客发布消费体验的微博数却很少。
这两家酒店在一定程度上反映了目前酒店业开展微博营销存在的问题,由此,针对其营销现状,本文还提出了相关对策和建议:
1.准确定位,循序渐进;
2.把握微博发布的频率和最佳时间;
3.微博内容展现个性化;
4.线上线下营销活动巧妙结合;
5.增加有效粉丝,注重与粉丝互动。
关键词:微博营销;影响因素;效果评估;指标体系
ABSTRACT
Weibo is one of the most important social media tools nowadays, thepopularization of Weibo brings a new kind of network marketing - Weibomarketing. Enterprises use Weibo platform can carry out a series ofmarketing activities, in order to raise visibility and expand brand impact.
Weibo marketing has gradually become one of the indispensablemarketing channels of many companies. However, as a new kind ofnetwork marketing, Weibo marketing has some significant differencefrom traditional marketing.
In addition, the influence factors of Weibomarketing effectiveness has not been precisely defined, and marketingeffectiveness is difficult to scientific assessment. Therefore, the majorityof firms develop the Weibo marketing are blind,
and Weibo marketing isstill at the exploratory stage. How much benefit Weibo marketing canbring for enterprises, which is the enterprise most concern. However, thescientific studies about the influence factors and evaluation of Weibomarketing effect are in a state of scarcity.
This paper takes the hotels Weibo as the research object, and deeplystudies the influence factors and evaluation of the Weibo marketingeffect:
On the basis of summarizing those existing research on Weibomarketing, it is assumed that the decision-makers from different hotelshold tiie same degree of attention on Weibo marketing. Then,
this paperexplores the influence factors of hotels Weibo marketing effect from theWeibo users perspective, analyzes the Weibo users behavior guided byAISAS mode ,
tiirough the questionnaire survey to build the hotel Weibomarketing effect model with statistical software such as Excel and SPSS19.0.
On this basis, this paper puts forward tiie Weibo marketing effectevaluation index hypothetical model, and then use AHP to build acomplete evaluation system ,
this system takes the hotels Weibomarketing comprehensive effect as the goal layer, influence effect,communication effect and transformation effect as the criterion layer,takes Weibo influence, brand influence ,
interaction effect, fans value,actual trading volume and customer satisfaction as the sub-criterion layer,and takes 14 indexes such as Weibo influence index, brand hot degreesand brand search as the index layer.
Finally, this evaluation index system is applied to Ningbo HowardJohnson Plaza Hotel and Ningbo Riviera Hotel. Through the observationand data collection of the hotels Weibo, measure the hotel Weibomarketing effect index with the comprehensive index method.
The resultsshow that these two hotels have little effect about Weibo marketing:
1. Both hotels did not make full use of Weibo to launch various marketingactivities, Weibo marketing is still at a low level, and Weibo marketingdid not make the hotel brand awareness has obvious improvement;
2.Those hotels are not ideal about the number of transmission, commentand praise by Weibo users. Among their fans, the ratio of certified fans islow, while the ratio of active fans proportion is relatively substantial,
andfew interactive activities are organized. So, how to attract a large numberof fans, and enhance the fans value is an urgent problem;
3. The actualtrading volume is not optimistic. Although there is a higher satisfaction,customers release very few consumption experiences by Weibo during theinvestigation period.
To some extent, both hotels reflect the problemsexisting in the hotel industry to carry out the Weibo marketing, thus, fortheir marketing situation, this article also brings up some suggestions andcountermeasures:
1. Accurate positioning, step by step;
2. Grasp thefrequency and the best time on releasing information;
3. Showpersonalized content;
4. Online and offline marketing activities arecombined together;
5. Increase effective fans, pay attention to interactwith fans.
证件翻译--成绩单英文翻译样本 第6篇
Student Transcript of Nanjing UniversityName: Wei Xiaoming
Department: Information
Engineering
Second semester of 1996
Subject
FORTRAN Programming
Advanced Mathematics
Physics
Principle of Philosophy
Public Labor
Law Basis
Foreign Language
Physical Education
Practice
Military Theory
Hours: 490;Credits: 0 Grade & Class: Class 1 Grade 2000Major: Computer & it’s applicationCategory Hours Score Credit Basic 51 95 0 Basic 96 78 0 Basic 68 67 0 Basic 68 82 0 Basic 30 85 0 Basic 17 65 0 Basic 64 74 0 Basic 34 82 0 Basic 30 65 0 Basic 32 87 0
First semester of 1997
Subject Category Hours Score Credit Circuitry
Physics
Engineering Mathematics
Plutonomy
Law Basis
Foreign Language
Physical Education
Physics Experiment
Hours: 447;Credits: 0
标准翻译网标准英文版翻译指南 第7篇
依据指南 2003年至今
35名5年以上翻译经验的译员 科学完善的翻译流程控制 现有30/千字、暂缺60/千字
国家标准英文版翻译指南
国家质量技术监督局标准化司
二○○○年二月
目 次前言 2 格式 3 用词和用语 4 引用标准化中心 附录 A:封面格式 附录 B:首页格式
一、前言
为适应我国加入世界贸易组织和我国对外开放的需要,我局从 1997年起开始将一部分国家标准
翻译成英文。在翻译过程中,不少有关单位建议对翻译的格式和通用用语进行规范。为此,我司于 1999 年初成立了《国家标准英文版翻译指南》编制工作组,开始指南的起草工作。编制《国家标准 英文英文版翻译指南》的目的是: 1.
对国家标准英文版标准中需要统一的格式进行规范
2. 对国家标准英文版标准中需要统一的语句和用词进行规范 3. 对与现行
GB1.1 及 ISO/IEC 导则要求有出入的老格式标准文本中有必要进行调整的内容进 行规范。
本指南适用于将我国国家标准翻译成英文文本的标准化中心
二、格式
2.1 等同/修改(等效)
采用国际标准的国家标准应使用原英文版本,并符合ISO/IEC指南21(1999 版)的要求。2.2 对于非等效采用国际标准的国家标准,在翻译时应尽可能与原英文版本格式保持一致。2.3 对于非采用国际标准的国家标准,在翻译时应尽可能以相应国际标准作为格式参考。2.4 封面和首页格式见附录 A和附录 B。
三、用词和用语
3.1 封面 封面用语的英文表述 3.1.1 中华人民共和国国家标准
National Standard of the People’s Republic of China 3.1.2 国家质量技术监督局发布
Issued by China State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision
3.1.3 国家技术监督局发布
Issued by China State Bureau of Technical Supervision 3.1.4 国家标准局发布
Issued by China State Bureau of Standards 3.1.5 发布日期 Issue date 3.1.6 实施日期
Implementation date 3.1.7 等同采用 IDT 3.1.8 修改(等效)采用 MOD 3.1.9 非等效采用 NEQ 3.2 目次 目次用语的英文表述 3.2.1 目次 contents 3.2.2 附录 annex 3.2.3 参考文献
bibliography 3.2.4 索引 index(es)3.2.5 图
figure(s)3.2.6 表 table(s)3.3 前言 前言部分用语的英文表述
3.3.1 前言 Foreword 3.3.2 本国家标准等同采用 IEC(ISO)××××标准: This national standard is identical to IEC(ISO)×××× 3.3.3 本国家标准修改(等效)采用 IEC(ISO)××××标准: This national standard is modified in relation to IEC(ISO)××××
3.3.4 本国家标准非等效采用 IEC(ISO)××××标准: This national standard is not equivalent to IEC(ISO)×××× 3.3.5 本国家标准附录××××是标准的附录(补充件)Annex ××××/Annexes ×××× of this national standard is/are normative 3.3.6 本国家标准附录××××是提示的附录(参考件)Annex ××××/annexes ×××× of this national standard is/are informative 3.3.7 本国家标准对先前版本技术内容作了下述重要修改 There have been some significant changes in this nationals standard over its previous edition in the following technical aspects 3.3.8 本国家标准与所采用国际标准的主要技术差异 The main technical differences between the national standard and the international standard adopted 3.3.9 本国家标准从实施日期起代替×××× This national standard will replace ×××× from theimplementation date of this standard 3.3.10 本国家标准由××××提出
This national standard was proposed by ×××× 3.3.11 本国家标准由××××归口
This national standard is under the jurisdiction of ××××
3.3.12 本国家标准由××××起草 This national standard was drafted by ×××× 3.4 引言
3.4.1 引言 introduction 3.5 范围 范围部分用语的英文表述:
3.5.1 主题和范围 subject and the aspect(s)covered 3.5.2 本国家标准规定……的尺寸
This national standard specifies the dimensions of …… 3.5.3 本国家标准规定……的方法
This national standard specifies a method of ……
3.5.4 本国家标准规定……的性能
This national standard specifies the characteristics of ……
3.5.5 本国家标准规定……的系统 This national standard establishes a system for ……
3.5.6 本国家标准规定……的基本原理 This national standard establishes general principles for 3.5.7 本国家标准适用于…… This national standard is applicable to ……
3.6 引用标准 引语的英文表述(根据中文文本从 a, b 中选取): a.下列标准中所包含的条文,通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。本标准出版时,所
示版本均为有效。所有标准都会被修订,使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard.At time of publication, the editions indicated were valid.All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below.b.下述标准文件包含的条文,通过在本标准中引用而构成本标准的条文。若引用的标准文件标 有日期,则在此日期以后对此引用标准文件的增补和修订均不适用于本标准。若引用的文件不标日 期,则本标准应采用该引用标准文件的最新版本。
The following normative documents contain provision which, through reference in this text, consitute provisions of this national standard.For dated reference, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.For undated references, the lastest edition of the normative document referred to applies.3.7 术语和定义
这部份内容应用下列规范用语引出: 以下及××××给出的术语和定义适用于本 标准
For the purposes of this national standard, the terms and definitions given in ×××× and the following apply.3.8 常用术语
3.8.1 标准化及标准文件(1)标准化
standardization(2)标准文件 normative document(3)国际标准
international standard(4)区域标准 regional standard
(5)国家标准 national standard(6)行业标准
professional standard(7)地方标准 provincial standard
(8)企业标准 company standard(9)导则 directive/guide
(10)规范 specification(11)总规范 generic specification(12)通用规范 general specification(13)技术规范
technical specification(14)详细规范 detail specification(15)分规范
sectional specification(16)空白详细规范 blank detail specification(17)规程 code
(18)规则(规定)rule(19)指南 guide(20)手册
handbook(21)技术报告 technical report(22)强制性标准
mandatory standard(23)推荐性标准 voluntary standard
(24)指导性技术文件 technical guide(25)法规 regulation
(26)技术法规 technical regulation
3.8.2 标准的类别
(1)基础标准 basic standard(2)术语标准 terminology standard(3)试验标准 testing standard(4)方法标准
method standard(5)产品标准 product standard(6)过程标准
process standard(7)服务标准 service standard(8)接口标准
interface standard(9)数值标准
standard on data to be provided
3.8.3 标准化组织及标准机构(1)国际标准化组织 International Organization for standardization(ISO)(2)国际电工委员会
International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)(3)国家质量技术监督局
China State Bureau of Quality & Technical Supervision(CSBTS)(4)国际电信联盟
International Telecommunication Union(ITU)(5)全国××××标准化技术委员会
National technical committee of standardization for ××××
3.8.4 标准文件的结构(1)封面 front cover(2)目次
content(3)前言 foreword(4)引言
introduction(5)IEC/ISO 前言 IEC/ISO foreward(6)标准名称
title(7)范围 scope(8)引用标准 normative reference(9)术语和定义 terms and definitions(10)定义
definition(11)符号 symbol(12)图型符号
graphical symbol(13)文字符号 letter symbol(14)缩略语
abbreviated term / abbreviation(15)抽样 sampling
(16)计数抽样
attributed sampling(17)测试 testing
(18)试验 test(19)试验方法 test method(20)试验报告
test report(21)检测实验室 testing laboratory(22)校准实验室
calibration laboratory(23)实验室能力验证 laboratory proficiency testing(24)实验室间比对试验 interlaboratory test comparisons(25)分类 classification(26)标志
marking(27)标签
labelling(28)包装 packaging(29)运输 transport(30)贮存 storage(31)附录
annex(32)标准的附录 normative annex(33)提示的附录
informative annex(34)注 note(35)脚注
footnote(36)表 table(37)图 figure
(38)技术制图 technical drawing(39)电路图 circuit diagram
(40)参考文献 bibliography(41)索引 index(es)
3.8.5 标准文件的层次划分(1)部分 part(2)篇
section(3)章 clause, chapter(4)条 sub-chause
(5)段 paragraph
3.8.6 标准文件的内容(1)正文
text(2)条文 provision(3)方法性条文
deemed-to-satisfy provision(4)说明性条文 descriptive provision
(5)性能条文
performance provision(6)陈述 statement(7)指示 instruction(8)推荐 recommendation
(9)要求 requirement(10)必达要求 exclusive requirement(11)任选要求 optional requirement(12)通用要求(或一般要求)general requirement(13)特殊要求 particular / special requirement(14)安全要求(物理性安全)safety requirement
(15)数字安全 security
3.8.7 标准文件的制定(1)标准计划
program of standards development(2)标准项目 project of standard development(3)标准草案 draft standard(4)标准征求意见稿
draft standard for comment(5)标准送审稿 draft standard for examination(6)标准报批稿 draft standard for approval(7)标准出版稿 final draft standard(8)有效期限
period of validity(9)发布日期 issue date(10)实施日期
implementation date(11)审查 examination(12)函审
the standard examination by correspondence(13)会审
joint examination(14)审核 examination & verification(15)审批
examination & approval(16)复审 review(17)勘误
corrigeda(18)增补 supplement(19)修改 amendment(20)修订 revision
(21)重印 reprint(22)新版 new edition
3.8.8 与质量有关的术语(1)合格/符合 conformity(2)检验
inspection(3)自检 self-inspection(4)认证
certification(5)认可 accreditation(6)客观证据
objective evidence(7)极限值 limit(s)(8)不确定度
uncertainty(9)鉴定 qualification(10)鉴定合格
qualified(11)质量管理 quality management(12)质量控制
quality control(13)质量保证 quality assurance(14)质量改进
quality improvement(15)质量评价 quality evaluation
(16)质量监督
quality surveillance(17)质量审核 equality audit
四、引用标准 1.IEC/ISO导则
2. IEC/ISO指南 21(1999)3.1997GB/T1.1-1993 标准化工作导则
第 1 单元:标准的起草与表述规则
第 1 部分:标准编写的基本规定(idt;eqv IEC/ISO导则 3:1989)4.GB/T3935.4-1996体制
标准化和有关领域的通用术语第 1 部分:基本术语(idt ISO/IEC 指南 2:1991)5.GB/T6583-1994 质量管理和质量保证 术语(idt ISO8402:1994)6.GB/T16733-1997 国家标准制定程序阶段划分及代码
7.GB/T16785-1997 术语工作 概念与术语的协调(eqv ISO860:1996)
附录A
封面格式
XXXXXXXXXX(ICS号)
XXXXXXXXXX(中国国家标准文献分类号)GB National Standard of the People’s Republic China(国家标准代号)XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
(采标程度表示)XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
××××××××××××××××××××(国家标准名称)
lssue date Implementation date Issued by XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
附录B 首页格式
National Standard of the People’s Republic China XXXXXXXXXX
(国家标准代号)XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX(国家标准名称)(采标程度表示)XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Replace GB××××
翻译英文 第8篇
1、Literal translation
Nowadays the majority of foreign tourists care about mostare what they really eat,how the dish taste or what the cooking method is.Basically,there are several situations under this method For example,“西红柿炒鸡蛋”it is chiefly translated into English by introducing main ingredients and excipients.So we can find out"Scrambled Egg with Tomato”would be the best translation version.Some dishes may be unique in one certain place,so we must save our precious local culture and characteristics in order to show foreigners our great cultural heritage.“北京烤鸭”is a well-known special dish in Beijing;when we try to translate this kind of dish,we should put the name of the city into English translation to inflect the indigenous food culture.So here is the translation version:“Roasted Beijing Duck”.I think the translation follows the principle mentioned above.
2、Free translation
People in China named some dishes of the natural sceneries,oreven historical stories of Chinese idioms in the names of those dishes by analogy and association.It is very difficult for foreign visitors to understand the unique cultural implication of the dishes.Under the circumstances,instead of laying down the jargons or metaphors of original names of the dishes,we can directly translate them into English through free translation by introducing main ingredients,cooking methods and so on.Take“蚂蚁上树”as an typical example,we may use free translation we mentioned just now.So the translation of"Sautéed vermicelli with spicy minced"may be the best choice.
3、Literal translation combined with annotation
One dish named“全家福"("Happy Family"),if visitors see nothing but this name when they order the meal,they may totally wondering about it,for the sake of conveying precise meaning,we should add ingredients or cooking method to the translation.So here is the acknowledged translation way,"Happy Family----A combination of shrimps,pork,beef,chicken,lobster and mixed vegetables with brown sauce”.
4、Literal translation and transliteration with annotation
翻译英文范文
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