俄语翻译中国地名范文

俄语翻译中国地名范文第1篇

1 目的论及其对地名翻译的指导意义

目的论 (Skopostheory) 是德国功能派学者费米尔和诺德等提出来的, 它认为翻译行为所要达到的目的决定了整个翻译过程, 即目的决定手段 (Nord, 2001) , 翻译策略及方法都要根据翻译目的来确定。德国功能翻译学派试图把翻译从原语的奴役中解救出来, 从译入语的角度来阐释翻译, 认为翻译是一种有目的的交际活动, 在这一过程中, 译者应该根据客户或委托人的要求, 结合翻译的目的和译语读者的具体情况, 来决定原语文本信息的选择、翻译策略的运用以及译文的表现形式 (贾文波, 2004) 。从目的论这一观点出发, 译者在翻译时, 可以根据译文读者的社会历史背景、文化价值观以及译文预期的交际功能等因素选择翻译方法和策略。

地名标志的目的在于引起读者注意, 将地名信息传达给读者。地名翻译是为了帮助外国朋友在中国更方便地学习、生活、工作或旅游。对这样一种实用文体, 以目的论为指导, 将译文读者放在第一位, 考虑他们的文化和接受能力, 让他们能明白地得到地名标志的信息, 才能真正达到地名翻译的目的。

2 目的论在地名翻译中的应用

地名翻译关键在于传达信息, 发挥语言传达信息、产生效果的功能。地名翻译就应该重视效果, 将读者放在第一位, 只有这样才能改善地名翻译的现状, 才能达到地名翻译的目的。译者以目的论为指导, 以翻译的目的来决定翻译的方法和策略。由于中西政体不同、建制各异, 在将地名标志译成英语时, 如果生搬硬套, 则既不能准确表达本意, 又不能为译文读者所理解。

例如:对于直辖市的翻译, 我国采用从民国时代沿用下来的m u n i c i p a l i t y, 然而municipality表示一个仅包含很有限的近郊区的单一城市之建制, 因此按照外国人的理解, Beijingmunicipality只能是指北京市区那一小块, 这显然与我国的直辖市的内涵不同 (胡占斌, 2007) 。Municipality (town, city or district with its own local government or governing body of such a town, etc) 指的是拥有本地政府组织的城镇、城市或者地区。而在许多西方国家municipality指最低级别政区, 设于这些国家的省 (规模大体相当于中国较大的县) 之下, 一个municipality到底是城市还是乡村, 要看其经济特性和人口规模。因此对于直辖市的英文翻译, metropolis, which means chief city of a region or country, capital city, etc。即指一国首都或一地区内的最重要的大城市。英美等国常用来指伦敦、纽约这样的大都市及其周边地区, 日本东京都的英文名就是Tokyo Metropolis (胡占斌, 2007) 。我国各直辖市显然很符合这个词的含义。这充分说明, 根据目的论这一指导原则, 在翻译过程中译者应该充分考虑到译入语读者的情况, 并结合其文化社会背景, 在翻译过程中选择正确的翻译策略。

再例如:对于住宅小区“某某花园”中的花园翻译为g a r d e n, 而g a r d e n指的是用于娱乐休闲的私人花园、果园、菜园等园地, 这与住宅小区的意义相差甚远。其实像“某某花园、嘉园”这样的地名应该用mansion来翻译才对, mansion (a large impressive house) , 用作复数时表示包含很多单元式住房的高层公寓楼通常绿化较好 (胡占斌, 2 0 0 7) 。这样考虑到不同词语在译入语中的不同含义, 而选择合适的词语, 就会避免误会的产生, 达到更好的效果。

3 地名翻译的方法

地名一般包括两部分:专名和通名, 许多情况下沿用的是“专名音译+通名意译”的方式。中国地名委员会、中国文字改革委员会、国家测绘总局三家已联合制定了《中国地名作汉语拼音字母拼写规则》, 是中国人名、地名和中文文献罗马字母拼写法的统一规范。在目的论的指导下, 译者必须要采用恰当的技巧以实现地名翻译的目的和预期的交际功能。针对不同语法结构的地名要采用不同的翻译方法。

3.1 专名+通名的偏正结构

汉语中的地名, 其语法结构绝大部分可表示为专名+通名的偏正词组结构形式, 一般是专有名词在前作为专名, 而普通名词在后作为通名;专有名词以单声词和双声词居多, 普通名词则一般多为单声词。 (周国春, 2006)

对于偏正结构的地名, 专有名词对应于 (地名) 专名, 大部分可以直接用汉语拼音来表示, 也可以直译成相应的英语。而普通名词对应于 (地名) 通名, 一般采用直译法翻译成相应的英语。

专名+通名偏正结构的汉语地名译法主要可以归纳为以下四种。

(1) 汉语拼音法, 即用汉语拼音方案来处理中文地名的翻译。如东直门外大街译成DongzhimenwaiDajie, 南京西路也被译为Nanjing Xi Lu。

(2) 专名拼音转写+通名直译法, 如:山东省译成ShandongProvince, 济南市译成Jinan City。

(3) 专名、通名均直译法, 如:西湖译为West Lake, 世纪大道译为Century Avenue。

(4) 专名拼音转写+通名拼音转写+通名直译法, 即对地名中专名及通名都为单音节词的地名, 翻译采用原地名的全部拼音拼写, 再加上原地名中的通名的直译。如:恒山译成H e n g s h a nM o u n t a i n, 淮河译成HuaiheRiver。地名的专名部分原则上音译, 用汉语拼音字母拼写, 通名采取意译。但在专名是单音节时, 其通名部分应视作专名的一部分, 先音译, 后重复意译。这是因为英语地名大多是双音节, 因此用双音节英文翻译词更符合英文习惯。另外, 在翻译中使用较完整的汉语拼音地名有助于译文读者与不太懂英文的当地居民进行有效的沟通, 使后者更容易明白其所指的地名。

3.2 非专名+通名的偏正结构

如果地名不是“ (地名) 专名+ (地名) 通名”的偏正结构, 那么就不一定能在翻译中套用上述规则, 而要根据具体的地名再做调整。比如南京东路采用直译法, 可以有以下多种译法:East Nanjing Rd或Nanjing Rd, Eastern或Nanjing Rd, E.或Nanjing Rd (E) 。应该说, 这四种译法都是语法正确的, 只是语言色彩和表达效果略有不同。E a s t Nanjing Rd比其后三种表达法更新潮一点, 而且更适合于语音报站的使用场合。所以, 能够同时适合于书面及语音使用场合的最佳选择, 就是East Nanjing Rd了 (周国春, 2006) 。

3.3 通名专名化

通名专名化主要指单音节的通名, 如山、河、江、湖、海、港、峡、关、岛等, 按专名处理, 与专名连写, 构成专名整体。如都江堰市、绥芬河市两地名中的堰、江都是已专名化了的通名;友谊路中的友谊虽为抽象名词, 但也可被视为已专名化了的通名而被转写成拼音形式。

4 结语

目的论者认为, “文本只有被接受者理解并且要让他们理解才有意义” (贾文波, 2004:44) , 因此, 地名标志的英译只有被读者理解才有意义。译者在翻译时, 要谨记这一理论及其指导意义, 以促进地名翻译的进一步发展和完善。在地名翻译已有规则的基础上进一步扩大宣传, 细化地名翻译的规范, 使中文地名的翻译真正形成统一的标准, 达到规范的要求, 这也是体现社会文明进步的一个方面。

摘要：地名是最常用的社会公共信息之一, 在信息化社会中, 地名在国际政治、经济、外交、外贸、科技、文化交流、新闻出版以及社会生活方面都起着非常重要的作用。本文从目的论入手, 介绍了什么是目的论, 阐述了目的论对地名翻译的指导意义, 即译者在翻译时, 可以根据译文读者的社会历史背景、文化价值观以及译文预期的交际功能等因素选择翻译方法和策略, 并指出目的论指导下的地名翻译方法。

关键词：目的论,地名翻译,翻译方法

参考文献

[1] Nord, Christiane.Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Ap-proaches Explained[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education press, 2001.

[2] 贾文波.应用翻译功能论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004.

[3] 周国春.城市轨道交通公示语中地名翻译的规范化探讨[J].城市轨道交通研究, 2006 (12) :45～50.

[4] 胡占斌.城市地名翻译实践中存在的一些问题及其解决方法[J].邵阳学院学报 (社会科学版) , 2007 (4) :51～53.

俄语翻译中国地名范文第2篇

Man in the Realm of Nature

人在自然界

Para. 1 Human beings live in the realm of nature. They are constantly surrounded by it and interact with it. =人类生活在大自然的王国里。他们时刻被大自然所包围并与之相互影响。

Man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the water he drinks, and the food he eats. =人类呼吸的空气、喝下的水和摄入的食物，无一不令人类时刻感知到大自然的影响。 We are connected with nature by “blood” ties and we cannot live ourside nature. =我们与大自然血肉相连，离开大自然，我们将无法生存。

Para. 2 Man is not only a dweller in nature, he also transforms it. =人类不仅生活在大自然之中，同时也在改变着大自然。

Humanity converts nature’s wealth into the means of the cultural, historical life of society. =人类把自然资源转变为各种文化，社会历史的财富。

Man has subdued and disciplined electricity and compelled it to serve the interests of society. =人类降服并控制了电，迫使它为人类社会的利益服务。

Not only has man transferred various species of plants and animals to different climatic conditions, he has also changed the shape and climate of his environment and transformed plants and animals. =人类不仅把各种各样的动植物转移到不同的气候环境，也改变了他生活环境的地貌和气候并使动植物因之而发生转变。

Para. 3 As society develops, man tends to become less dependent on nature directly, while indirectly his dependence grows. =随着社会的发展，人类对大自然的直接依赖越来越少，而间接的依赖却越来越多。

Our distant ancestors lived in fear of nature’s destructive forces. Very often they were unable to obtain the merest daily necessities.

=我们远古的祖先生活在大自然的威胁及破坏力的恐惧之中，他们常常连基本的生活物资都无法获取。

However, despite their imperfect tools, they worked together stubbornly, collectively, and were able to attain result. =然而，尽管工具不甚完备，他们却能同心协力，顽强工作，并总是有所收获。

Nature was also changed through interaction with man. Forests were destroyed and the area of farmland increased. =在与人类的相互作用中，大自然也发生了改变。森林被破坏了，耕地面积增加了。 Nature with its elemental forces was regarded as something hostile to man. =大自然及其威力被看成是和人类敌对的东西。

1 The forest, for example, was something wild and frightening and people tried to force it to retreat. =譬如，森林被认为是野性的和令人恐惧的，因此人类便想方设法使其面积缩小。

This was all done in the name of civilisation, which meant the places where man had made his home, where the earth was cultivated, where the forest had been cut down. =这一切都是打着“文明”的旗号进行的，所谓“文明”，就是人类在哪里建立家园，耕耘土地，哪里的森林就被砍伐。

Para. 4 But as time goes on mankind becomes increasingly concerned with the question of where and how to obtain irreplaceable natural resources for the needs of production. =然而，随着岁月的流逝，人类越来越关注的是在何处得到和如何得到生产所需的不可替代的自然资源的问题。

Science and man’s practical transforming activities have made humanity aware of the enormous geological role played by the industrial transformation of the earth. =科学与人类改变大自然的实践活动已经使人类意识到了工业在改变地球的进程中对地质产生的重大影响。

Para. 5 At present the previous dynamic balance between man and nature and between nature and society as a whole, has shown ominous signs of breaking down. =目前，人与自然以及自然与社会整体之间过去存在的动态平衡，已呈现崩溃的迹象。 The problem of the so-called replaceable resources of the biosphere has become particularly acute. =生物圈中所谓可替代资源的问题变得极为尖锐。

It is getting more and more difficult to satisfy the needs of human beings and society even for such a substance, for example, as fresh water. =人类和社会的需求，即便是简单得像淡水一样的物质，也变得越来越难以满足。 The problem of eliminating industrial waste is also becoming increasingly complex. =清除工业废物的问题也变得日益复杂。

Para. 6 Modern technology is distinguished by an even increasing abundance of produced and used synthetic goods. =现代技术的特征是生产和使用日益丰富的人工合成产品。 Hundreds of thousands of synthetic materials are being made. =人们生产成千上万的人工合成材料。

People increasingly cover their bodies from head to foot in nylon and other synthetic, glittering fabrics that are obviously not good for them. =人们越来越多地用尼龙和其他人造纤维把自己从头到脚地包裹起来，这些绚丽的织物显然对他们无益。

Young people may hardly feel this, and they pay more attention to appearance than to health. But they become more aware of this harmful influence as they grow older. =年轻人或许很少注意到这一点，他们更关注的是外表，而不是健康。但是上了年岁之后，他们就会感受到这种有害的影响。

2 Para. 7 As time goes on the synthetic output of production turns into waste, and then substances that in their original form were not very toxic are transformed in the cycle of natural processes into aggressive agents. =久而久之，这些合成物质转变成废弃物，那些原本毒性不大的物质在自然循环中变为极其有害的物质。

Today both natural scientists and philosophers are asking themselves the question: Is man’s destruction of the biosphere inevitable? =自然科学家和哲学家如今都在问自己这样一个问题：人类对生物圈的破坏难道是无法避免的吗?

Para. 8 The man-nature relation ----- the crisis of the ecological situation ----- is a global problem. =人与大自然的关系生态环境的危机已经成为一个全球性问题。

Its solution lies in rational and wise organization of both production itself and care for Mother Nature, not just by individuals, enterprises or countries, but by all humanity. =这一问题的解决之道在于理性而明智地协调生产和对大自然的关爱之间的关系，这不仅要依靠个人、企业或者某些国家的力量，而且要依靠全人类的力量。

One of the ways to deal with the crisis situation in the “man-nature” system is to use such resources as solar energy, the power of winds, the riches of the seas and oceans and other, as yet unknown natural forces of the universe. =解决人与大自然关系危机的方法之一，就是使用太阳能、风能、海洋能等资源，以及其他尚不为人所知的宇宙中的自然能。

Para. 9 But to return to our theme, the bitter truth is that those human actions which violate the laws of nature, the harmony of the biosphere, threaten to bring disaster and this disaster may turn out to be universal. =但是，言归正传，令人难以接受的事实是那些违背了自然规律、破坏了生物圈和谐的人类行为将会带来灾难，而这种灾难也许是全球性的。

How apt then are the words of ancient Oriental wisdom: live closer to nature, my friends, and its eternal laws will protect you! =古代东方智者的话讲得真是恰如其分：朋友们，你要是亲近大自然，大自然就会用那永恒不变的规律永远呵护你!

The End of Text A of Unit 1 of Book 4

Text B

Extinctions, Past and Present 物种灭绝 过去和将来

Para. 1 I spent some of the most exciting days of my life working on the eastern shores of Kenya’s Lake

3 Turkana searching for the fossilized remains of our early ancestors. =我在肯尼亚的图尔卡纳湖东岸工作时度过了生命中最激动人心的一些日子，寻找我们人类祖先的化石残骸。

We didn’t always find what we wanted, but every day there was much more to discover than the traces of our own ancestors. =我们并不总是想找什么就能得到什么，但是，除了我们祖先的遗迹外，每天都会发现更多的东西。

The fossils, some quite complete, others mere fragments, spoke of another world in which the ancestors of many of today’s African mammals wandered the rich grassland and forest edges between 1.5 million and 2 million years ago. =那些化石，有些相当完整，有些仅是碎片，道出了另一个世界。在那个世界，约150万年至200万年前，许多今天非洲哺乳动物的祖先漫游在肥沃的草原和森林边缘。

The environment was not too different from the wetter grasslands of Africa today, but it was full of amazing animals that are now long extinct. =当时的环境与现在非洲雨水更多的一些草原没有太大区别，但那里当时到处生活着今天早已灭绝的令人称奇的动物。

Para. 2 That was true not just for Africa. The fossil record tells the same story everywhere. =不仅非洲如此，世界上任何地方的化石记录下来的一切，都是一样。

It is estimated that more than 95% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years are gone. =据估计，在过去的6亿年中，这个世界上存在过的物种，有95%以上都已灭绝了。

Para. 3 So, should we be concerned about the current rate of extinction, which has been accelerated by the constant expansion of agriculture and industry? =工农业不断的扩展加速了当前物种灭绝的步伐，因此，我们该不该关心一下这个问题? Is it necessary to try to slow down a process that has been going on forever? =有没有必要尽力去减慢这个永不停止的过程呢?

Para. 4 I believe it is. We know that te well-being of the human race is tied to the well-being of many other species, and we can’t be sure which species are most important to our own survival. =我认为是应该的。我们知道，人类的健康发展与其他许多物种的健康发展紧密相关，而我们不能确知哪一种生物对我们的生存最为重要。

Para. 5 But dealing with the extinction crisis is no simple matter, since much of the world’s biodiversity resides in its poorest nations, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America. =但是，解决物种灭绝的危机问题决非易事，因为世界上许多生物多样性地区位于最贫穷的国家，尤其是亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲。

Can such countries justify setting aside national parks and nature reserves where human intrusion and even access is forbidden?

4 =这些国家划拨土地，兴建国家公园和自然保护区而禁止人类侵入甚至接近它们，人们能接受吗?

Is it appropriate to spend large sums of money to save some species in a nation in which a considerable percentage of the people are living below the poverty line? =当一个国家相当大一部分人仍生活在贫困线以下，去花大笔钱挽救一些物种，这样做是否合适呢?

Para. 6 Such questions make me uneasy about promoting wildlife conservation in poor nations. =这些问题令我对倡导在贫穷国家中推行野生动植物的保护感到不安。

Nonetheless, I believe that we can ----- and should ----- do a great deal. It’s a matter of changing priorities. =然而我相信我们能够而且也应该做大量的工作。这是一个改变侧重点的问题。 Plenty of money is available for scientific field studies and conferences on endangered species. =大量资金已投入到对濒危物种的野外科学研究和会议上。

But what about boots and vehicles for park personnel who protect wildlife from illegal hunters? =但是，能不能给那些保护野生动物使之不被偷猎的公园管理人员提供些胶鞋和车子? What about development aid to give local people economic alternatives to cutting forests and plowing over the land? =能不能为那些靠伐木和种地为生的当地人提供别的经济出路，帮助他们发展? That kind of funding is difficult to come by. =这些资金很难获得。

Para. 7 People in poor countries should not be asked to choose between their own short-term survival and longer-term environmental needs. =我们不应该要求贫穷国家的人们在自己的短期生存和长期环境需求之间做出选择。

If their governments are willing to protect the environment, the money needed should come from internatiional sources. =假如他们的政府愿意保护环境，所需的资金应由国际组织提供。

To me, the choice is clear. Either the more wealthy world helps now or the world as a whole will lose out. =我认为，答案是明摆着的：要么富有国家现在就伸出援助之手，要么整个世界将遭受巨大损失。

Para. 8 For that reason, we need permanent global funds devoted to wildlife protection. The funds should primarily come from the governments of the industrial nations and international aid agencies. =为此，我们需要在全球筹集专门用于野生动植物保护的资金，这些资金应该主要由工业国家的政府和国际援助机构提供。

Para. 9 How to use those funds would be a matter of endless debate. =至于如何使用这些资金，人们可能会无休无止地争论下去。

5 Should local communities be entitled to set the agenda, or should outside experts take control? =是应该由当地社团决定工作事项，还是由外面请来的专家控制这些资金? Should limited hunting be allowed in parks, or should they be put off limits? =野生动物园里应该允许有限制的打猎呢，还是禁止入内?

Mistakes will be made, the landscape will keep changing, and species will still be lost, but the difficulty of the task should not lead us to abandon hope. =错误总是难免的，自然外貌也会不断地发生变化，物种仍旧会继续消逝，但是这项工作的困难不应该使我们放弃希望。

Many of the planet’s natural habitats are gone forever, but many others can be saved and in time restored. =地球上的许多自然栖息地已经永远消失了，但是也有许多栖息地可以挽救，并最终得到恢复。

Para. 10 A major challenge for the 21st century is to preserve as much of our natural estate as possible. =21世纪的一个主要挑战是保护尽可能多的自然栖息地。

Let us resist with all our efforts any moves to reduce the amount of wild land available for wild species. =让我们全力抵制任何减少现有野生物种天然栖息地数量的行为。

And let us call upon the world’s richest nations to provide the money to make that possible. =让我们号召全世界最富有的国家提供资金，使这个抵制行动成为可能。

That would not be a contribution to charity; it would be an investment in the future of humanity ----- and all life on Earth. =这并不是对慈善事业的捐赠，这是对人类未来和地球上所有生命的一项投资。