独立日英文范文

独立日英文范文（精选6篇）

独立日英文 第1篇

This past Independence Day, I saw two things that disturbed me greatly: First, people bashing America and its shortcomings; Second, people defending America blindly, while giving no thought to others’ criticisms. I’m a liberal and I more than acknowledge that there are problems with our country. Our executive branch is larger and more powerful than I’d like, our education system is broken, and our economic policy is not optimal for growth. I also know America has a lot of ugly secrets in its past. From the genocide of Native Americans to slavery to our foreign policy nightmare with Latin America in the early twentieth century, it’s easy to see why so many are angered by the jingoistic attitude that July 4th celebrations can incur. But I also recognize how remarkable of an achievement it was for those few men to break away, in the name of independence, and take a risk by establishing a democracy back in 1776. I also recognize that although the sins of our Founding Fathers were great, their accomplishments were greater, leaving a legacy of democracy and national sovereignty that would spread like wildfire throughout the world. The revolution was important and the ideals that this country was founded on, ideals of equality, respect for one another, and a commitment to progress, are ideals to be proud of, even if we don’t always live up to those ideals. I know many liberals hate to hear it, but the majority of the world is worse off than us, from third world countries to dictatorships, the world has got a lot of bad in it. And the much longer, more troubled histories of nations such as England have more mistakes and terrible acts in them than ours do. America has ideals and a commitment to democracy and freedom you can find nowhere else. Our spirit is strong and even if our government doesn’t live up to that spirit all the time, our citizens strive for it. Independence Day isn’t about petty squabbles and historical smear campaigns. This day is about celebrating our achievements and our ideals, acknowledging our mistakes, and reaffirming our commitment to make this country better so that, one day, those principles that the men who drafted our Declaration of Independence put forth, will be fully realized.

独立日英文 第2篇

The Declaration of Independence IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERAICA When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government.The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States.To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained;and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.] He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected;whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within.He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states;for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners;refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new appropriations of lands.He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent of laws for establishing judiciary powers.He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salary.He has erected a multitude of new officers, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out our substances.He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States.For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;For imposing taxes on us without our consent;For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule these Colonies;For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury.A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren.We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them., as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled , appealing to the supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United States Colonies and Independent States;that they are absolved by from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do.And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.在人类事务发展的过程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系，并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意，以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。

我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权利，则是经被统治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。若真要审慎的来说，成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的。过去的一切经验都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类还是情愿忍受，也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。然而，当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民至于专制暴政之下时，人民就有权也有义务去推翻这样的政府，并为其未来的安全提供新的保障。这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过，也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠王国的历史，就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史，其直接目标就是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政。为了证明上述句句属实，现将事实公诸于世，让公正的世人作出评判。

他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必需的法律。

他禁止他的殖民总督批准刻不容缓、极端重要的法律，要不就先行搁置这些法律直至征得他的同意，而这些法律被搁置以后，他又完全置之不理。

他拒绝批准便利大地区人民的其他的法律，除非这些地区的人民情愿放弃自己在自己在立法机构中的代表权；而代表权对人民是无比珍贵的，只有暴君才畏惧它。

他把各州的立法委员召集到一个异乎寻常、极不舒适而有远离他们的档案库的地方去开会，其目的无非是使他们疲惫不堪，被迫就范。

他一再解散各州的众议院，因为后者坚决反对他侵犯人民的权利。

他在解散众议院之后，又长期拒绝另选他人，于是这项不可剥夺的立法权便归由普通人民来行使，致使在这其间各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的种种危险之中。

他力图阻止各州增加人口，为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其他鼓励移民的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。

他拒绝批准建立司法权利的法律，以阻挠司法的执行。

他迫使法官为了保住任期、薪金的数额和支付而置于他个人意志的支配之下。

他滥设新官署，委派大批官员到这里骚扰我们的人民，吞噬他们的财物。

他在和平时期，未经我们立法机构同意，就在我们中间维持其常备军。

他施加影响，使军队独立于文官政权之外，并凌驾于文官政权之上。

他同他人勾结，把我们置于一种既不符合我们的法规也未经我们法律承认的管辖之下，而且还批准他们炮制的各种伪法案，以便任其在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队；不论这些人对我们各州居民犯下何等严重的谋杀罪，他可用加审判来庇护他们，让他们逍遥法外；他可以切断我们同世界各地的贸易；未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益；以莫须有的罪名把我们押送海外受审；他在一个邻省废除了英国法律的自由制度，在那里建立专制政府，扩大其疆域，使其立即成为一个样板和合适的工具，以便向这里各殖民地推行同样的专制统治；他取消我们的许多特许状，废除我们最珍贵的法律并从根本上改变我们各州政府的形式；他终止我们立法机构行使权力，宣称他们自己拥有在任何情况下为我们制定法律的权力。

他们放弃设在这里的政府，宣称我们已不属他们保护之列，并向我们发动战争。

他在我们的海域里大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们的沿海地区，烧毁我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。

他此时正在运送大批外国雇佣兵，来从事其制造死亡、荒凉和暴政的勾当，其残忍与卑劣从一开始就连最野蛮的时代也难以相比，他已完全不配当一个文明国家的元首。

他强迫我们在公海被他们俘虏的同胞拿起武器反对自己的国家，使他们成为残杀自己亲友的刽子手，或使他们死于自己亲友的手下。

他在我们中间煽动内乱，并竭力挑唆残酷无情的印地安蛮子来对付我们边疆的居民，而众所周知，印地安人作战的准则是不分男女老幼、是非曲直，格杀勿论。

在遭受这些压迫的每一阶段，我们都曾以最谦卑的言辞吁请予以纠正。而我们一次又一次的情愿，却只是被报以一次又一次的伤害。

一个君主，其品格被他的每一个只有暴君才干的出的行为所暴露时，就不配君临自由的人民。

我们并不是没有想到我们英国的弟兄。他们的立法机关想把无理的管辖权扩展到我们这里来，我们时常把这个企图通知他们。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情况告诉他们。我们曾恳求他们天生的正义感和雅量，念在同种同宗的分上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，因为这些掠夺行为难免会使我们之间的关系和来往中断。可他们对这种正义和同宗的呼声也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们不得不宣布脱离他们，以对待世界上其他民族的态度对待他们：同我交战者，就是敌人；同我和好者，即为朋友。

因此我们这些在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国的代表们，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，并经他们授权，向世界最高裁判者申诉，说明我们的严重意向，同时郑重宣布：

我们这些联合起来的殖民地现在是，而且按公理也应该是，独立自由的国家；我们对英国王室效忠的全部义务，我们与大不列颠王国之间大不列颠一切政治联系全部断绝，而且必须断绝。

作为一个独立自由的国家，我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。

我们坚定地信赖神明上帝的保佑，同时以我们的生命、财产和神圣的名誉彼此宣誓来支持这一宣言。

〔说明〕

杰斐逊起草了《独立宣言》的第一稿，富兰克林等人又进行了润色。大陆会议对此稿又进行了长时间的、激烈的辩论，最终作出了重大的修改。特别是在佐治亚和卡罗来纳代表们的坚持下，删去了杰斐逊对英王乔治三世允许在殖民地保持奴隶制和奴隶买卖的有力谴责。这一部分的原文是这样的：

他的人性本身发动了残酷的战争，侵犯了一个从未冒犯过他的远方民族的最神圣的生存权和自由权；他诱骗他们，并把他们运往另一半球充当奴隶，或使他们惨死在运送途中。

托马斯.杰斐逊(1743-1826)，生于弗吉尼亚的一个富裕家庭。曾就读于威廉-玛丽学院。1767年成为律师，1769年当选为弗吉尼亚下院议院。他积极投身于独立运动之中，并代表弗吉尼亚出席大陆会议。他曾两次当选弗吉尼亚州长。1800年当选美国总统。

杰斐逊在为自己的墓碑而作的墓志铭中这样写到：

独立日英文 第3篇

1 子句的恰当使用

句子缺乏变化会使文章读起来单调乏味。并列关系和从属关系常用来增加句子的表现形式。

1.1 并列关系 (Coordination)

将两个或多个紧密相关的想法或动作以连接词结合在一起 (这些连接词通常叫做并列连词和关联连词。) (Wang, 2000:3)

1.1.1 用逗号和并列连词连接独立子句

“并列连词有and, but, or, so, for, neither/nor, 等等, 或者这些独立子句仅用分号连接。

1) They put a new traffic light on the corner.There are still a lot of accidents.

They put a new traffic light on the comer, but there are still a lot of accidents.

They put a new traffic light on the corner;however, there are still a lot of traffic accidents.

2) The man is a detective.He is following a woman.He is investigating a drug case now.

The man following a woman is a detective, and he is investigating a drug case now.

3) Anna's husband forgot her birthday.Anna was disap-pointed.

Anna's husband forgot her birthday, so she was disappointed.Anna was disappointed, for her husband forgot her birthday.Anna's husband forgot her birthday;thus, she was disap-pointed.” (ibid)

使用该写作技巧时应注意如下几点:

1) “一连串的并列从句会令人生厌。There was more crime in the street, the criminals were running around free, the judges were letting people go, nobody was safe in the streets, criminals were out on bail, murderers were on parole, and nobodydid anything.’” (Hall.1985:170)

2) 不能将诸如besides, moreover, still, however, nevertheless, otherwise, hence, thus, therefore作为并列连词。这些副词前面常有分号, 后面接逗号。 (Wang, 2000:3)

3) “使用逗号隔开独立子句, 而不是用分号的话, 就犯了逗号谬误 (comma splice error) 。” (Kinsella.1985:177)

1.1.2 用并列连词和关联连词连接独立子句省略重复和相同的部分

“句子用关联连词连接, 例如:not onlybut also, both and, eitheror, neithernor.

1) Environmental pollution should be solved.Environmenta pollution can be solved.

改为:Environmental pollution should and can be solved.

2) Manufacturers cautiously predict a rapid economic recov-ery.They optimistically predict a dramatic economic recovery.

改为:Cautiously but optimistically, manufacturers predic not only a rapid but also a dramatic economic recovery.

3) Mr.Smith is an amateur athlete.He is a first-rate teacher.

改为:

Mr.Smith is both an amateur athlete and a first-rate teacher.

Mr.Smith is not only an amateur athlete but also a first-rate teacher.

Mr.Smith is a first-rate teacher as well as an amateur athlete.4) We can not go there by train.We can not go there by ship.改为:We can go there neither by train nor by ship.’’ (Wang, 2000:3)

1.2 从属关系 (Subordination)

重要的想法和动作出现在独立子句或主句里, 独立是因为传递信息不需要帮助。

1.2.1 选择主句

“简单句子无法显示出几个想法相对重要性的差别下面几对句子哪个想法更重要?或者它们的重要性是同等的?

信息A:Jan excels in tennis.She prefers basketball.

你只能猜哪一个想法更重要, 除非作者告诉你若你获得下面信息。

假设你是一所小型大学的网球教练, 那里给女网球手奖学金的机会少之又少。简小姐是其中一种奖学金最优秀的竞争者。你从一位信任的童子军那得到对简小姐的评价。你会给她奖学金吗?

信息A:

Although Jan excels in tennis, she prefers basketball.

(不给她奖学金。)

Although Jan prefers basketball, she excels in tennis.

(给她奖学金)

第一个信息的作者知道说什么, 但是没有向读者表达清楚。作者若未向读者说明哪一个想法更重要, 信息表达不明了。” (Donald.1987:182-183)

因此, 选择主句时连词的使用要谨慎, 连词放在不同位置甚至会产生相反的结果。

R.T.Berner在他的书中指出:“从属关系的一个误区是从属了错误对象或是与主句不一致的对象。

错误对象:

An 81-year-old Minnesota man was hunting when he died of a heart attack early today.

句子的中心意思见斜体部分。消息从属了信息中不重要的部分。上述句子不应该用从属关系, 句子应改为:

An 81-year-old Minnesota man died of a heart attack while hunting early today.

句子改过后中心意思就明确了, 而不是被隐含着。不一致:

The judge rejected the Blacks’request for$2, 500 in damages although he

estimated that a horse drops an average of 24 pounds of manure daily.

句子的斜体部分与句子的要点 (法官拒绝上诉) 毫无关联。若记着一个句子是个逻辑形式, 句中里的每个成分都有逻辑关联, 就不会错误地使用从属关系了。” (Berner.1979:41)

1.2.2 从属子句的正确使用

“从句作为形容词使用有标志性记号who, whom, whose, that, and which. (因为这些词与主句的名词有关系, 形容词从句又称为定语从句。) 形容词从句出现在他们修饰的词语后面。请看如下例子:

The gains in the stock value that we had anticipated did not materialize.

A real estate agent whom we know in Pomona gave us the information that led to our purchase of the Kent Building.

形容词从句可以是限定性的或非限定性的.

限定性的:Miss Brainerd likes books that stimulate her in-tellectually.

非限定性的:

Miss Brainerd likes The Hidden Persuaders, which stimulated her intellectually.

状语从句位于句子结构的后面, 典型标记有since, because, unless, as, as if, where, although, 和asas, 他们又称为从属连词。

当用于主句后面时, 大部分状语从句是限定性的;它们不需要标点。通常是非限定性的、需要逗号标点的状语从句以如下标记开头:

1) even though和although.

Mr.Hall assumes you will accompany him on the trip, even though he may not have said so specially.

Their workmen are experienced and their morale is good although the machinery is antiquated.

2) since当它具有含义because.

The discussion had to be terminated, since the noon whistle had sounded.

(因为中午笛声)

I have not seen Mr.Purvis since he returned from Europe. (时间)

3) Because当它只是为陈述增加凭证。当because引入为构成主要论述解释原因和目的的从句, 状语从句一般是限定性的, 不需要逗号标点。

I know the thermostats behave erratically at times, because our customers have said so. (作出声明的事实根据)

The thermostats behave erratically at times because they are improperly connected. (原因)

Martha retyped the letter because she wanted it to be perfect. (目的)

尽管形容词从句必须跟在修饰名词的后面, 状语从句可以从正常位置移开, 用作解释说明:

No buildings have gone up since the ban was first imposed.

Since the ban was first imposed, no buildings have gone up.

They received a bonus because they had worked so dili-gently.

Because they had worked so diligently, they received a bonus.”

(Romine.1981:24-25)

2 句子结构中的错误和从属子句的误用

句子结构中最普遍的错误是Fragment (残缺句或碎句) 和run-on (连写句或混合句) 。 (Kinsella.1985:171) “所有的从属子句都具有语句中单独部分的功能, 例如:名词、形容词、副词。用这样的一个子句代替另一个子句, 错误程度与将形容词用作副词一样严重。” (Harry.1970:301)

2.1 残缺句 (Fragments)

Kinsella提出一个积极的规则:“虽然残缺句出现形式多样, 最常见的是独立的从属子句可以用主句连接它们或者将他们改写为完整的句子。”

2.1.1 单独的从属子句

“最常见的残缺句是加上标点后很像完整句子的从属子句然而单独的从属子句是需要主句才能表意的。从属子句的第一个词通常是从属连词或关系代词 (见下面清单) 。当你在一个像是完整句子的开始处发现下面的一个词时, 应仔细检查确定这部分是否恰当与一个主句相结合。

2.1.2 给从属子句加标点

“给从属子句正确加标点在于它们是构成句子的前部还是最后面部分。如果从属子句构成句子前部, 则子句后面加逗号。如果从属子句构成句子的第二部分, 则从属子句前不加逗号。

构成句子的第一部分:

Although I have a two-week vacation this summer, I can’t afford to go anywhere.

构成句子的第二部分:

You should make a determined effort to avoid sentence fragments because they are considered serious mistakes in writing.” (Kinsella.1985:173)

2.2 连写句 (Run-on sentences)

“在独立子句或主句之间没有加入必要的标点 (句号、逗号、分号) 会产生连写句要解释这个句子结构的错误, 应努力避免关注基本规则而忽视特例。

两个或多个主句组成复合句时, 必须准确标注标点。如果用并列连词 (and, but, for, nor, or) , 连词前要有逗号。{So和yet前逗号可加可不加。一些教科书把so和yet分类为并列连词.一些把so和yet分类为副词连词)

如果两个主句由副词连词连接 (such, as, so, yet, thus, hence, however, consequently, furthermore, nevertheless, or otherwise) , 主句应由分号连接。如果两个独立子句没有用连词连接, 则必须写成两个单独的句子, 或由分号来分隔。

连写句We spent the entire afternoon working on our pass defense for our coach felt that Lincoln High would exploit this weakness if their backs could not penetrate our line.

修改后We spent the entire afternoon working on our pass defense, for our coach felt that Lincoln High would exploit this weakness if their backs could not penetrate our line.

评论需要在for前加个逗号, 并列连词连接两个独立子句”

(Kinsella.1985:175-176)

2.3 从属子句的误用

“最普遍的误用是把状语从句用作名词性从句, 把状语从句用作名词, 把一个整句用作名词性从句或名词” (Harry 1970:301)

2.3.1 状语从句用作名词性从句

“名词性从句是动词的主语, 动词的宾语, 或是述语主格状语从句则不是。更正误用的状语从句, 把它换成名词性从句, 或补充一个动词, 状语从句可以修饰这个动词。

可疑的:George remembered where the radio said the stock market is

dropping.Because there was no use in his staying was the reason Bob

left the meeting.

正确的:George remembered that the radio said the stock market is dropping.

Bob left the meeting because there was no use in his staying.

That there was no use in his staying was the reason Bob lef the meeting.” (Harry.1970:301)

2.3.2 状语从句用作单独的名词或名词词组

“和上面句子应用的原因类似, 要避免把状语从句用作单独的名词或名词词组。When, where, because子句经常出错。

可疑的:False flattery is when you pay a lot of compliments that are not sincere.

My sailing trophy was because I won three races out of four.

清楚的:False flattery is paying a lot of insincere compli-ments.

False flattery is the payment of a lot of compliments which are not sincere.

Winning three races out of four gained me the sailing trophy.

I earned the sailing trophy by winning three races out of four.”

(Harry.1970:302)

2.3.3 使用名词性从句, 不是句子, 作为is和was的主语或补语“援引句子的使用普遍认为是主语或补语:

When I consider how my light is spent’is a line from John Milton’s famous poem, On His Blindness.’

然而, 总的来说, 一个句子不能合适地用作is和was的主语或补语。纠正这种逻辑错误可以把句子或独立子句改写为状语从句, 把状语从句简化成词组, 或使用合适的从属连词 (常用that) 把句子改成从属子句。

可疑的:I had broken my leg was the reason resigned from the team.

Bill’s only virtue is he never is rude to his mother.

正确的:The reason that I resigned from the team was that Ihad broker my leg.

I resigned from the team because I had broken my leg.

Bill’s only virtue is that he is never rude to his mother.

Bill has only one virtue:never being rude to his mother.”

(Harry.1970:302)

3 结论

有效的句子应在英语写作中予以重视。结合独立子句和从属子句的多样性会写出更有说服力的句子。当然, 句子多样性必须服从于写作的内容和目的。过多地增加逗号和从句会让读者感到厌烦。

摘要：英文写作中, 如何有效地传递想要表达的思想?掌握独立子句和从属子句, 可以丰富句子的表现形式, 增加可读性, 将意志与思想向读者表达清楚。错误地使用子句, 会使句子里的成分逻辑关系混乱。当然, 要避免过多地关注句子的多样性而忽视了写作的内容和目的。

关键词：独立子句,从属子句,并列关系,从属关系,残缺句,连写句

参考文献

[1]Berner R T.Language Skills for Journalists[M].Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979.

[2]Donald R B.Writing Clear Sentences, Eaglewood Cliffs[M].New Jersey07632:Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1987.

[3]Glazier T F.The Least You Should Know About English, 383Madison Avenue[M].New York, NY10017:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979.

[4]Hall D.Writing Well[M].Boston:Little Brown and Company, 1985.

[5]Harry S.McGraw-Hill Handbook of English[M].2nd Canadian ed.McGraw-Hill Company of Canada Limited, 1970.

[6]Kinsella P.The Techniques of Writing[M].4th ed.Orlando, Florida32887:1985.

[7]Romine J S, Hanson L, Holdridge T.College Business English[M].3rd ed.Englewood Cliffs, N J07632:Prentice-hall, Inc, 1981.

美国独立日 第4篇

独立日英文 第5篇

《独立宣言》

IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776

1776年7月4日，国会

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERAICA

《美利坚合众国十三个州的一致宣言》

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.在人类事务的进程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的政治联系，并按照自然和上帝赋予他们的法则，以独立平等的身份，立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权利，则是经被统治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。

Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.若真要审慎的来说，成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的。过去的一切经验都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类还是情愿忍受，也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。然而，当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民至于专制暴政之下时，人民就有权也有义务去推翻这样的政府，并为其未来的安全提供新的保障。

Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies;and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government.The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States.To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过，也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠王国 的历史，就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史，其直接目标就是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政。为了证明上述句句属实，现将事实公诸于世，让公正的世人作出评判。

He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必需的法律。

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained;and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.他禁止他的殖民总督批准刻不容缓、极端重要的法律，要不就先行搁置这些法律直至征得他的同意，而这些法律被搁置以后，他又完全置之不理。

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.他拒绝批准便利大地区人民的其他的法律，除非这些地区的人民情愿放弃自己在立法机构中的代表权；而代表权对人民是无比珍贵的，只有暴君才畏惧它。

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.他把各州的立法委员召集到一个异乎寻常、极不舒适而又远离他们的档案库的地方去开会，其目的无非是使他们疲惫不堪被迫就范。

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people.他一再解散各州的众议院，因为后者坚决反对他侵犯人民的权利。

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected;whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within.他在解散众议院之后，又长期拒绝另选他人，于是这项不可剥夺的立法权便归由普通人民来行使，致使在这其间各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的种种危险之中。

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states;for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners;refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new appropriations of lands.他力图阻止各州增加人口，为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其他鼓励移民的法律，并提高新分配土地的条件。

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent of laws for establishing judiciary powers.他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，以阻挠司法的执行。

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salary.他迫使法官为了保住任期、薪金的数额和支付而置于他个人意志的支配之下。He has erected a multitude of new officers, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out our substances.他滥设新官署，委派大批官员到这里骚扰我们的人民，吞噬我们的财物。

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.他在和平时期，未经我们立法机构同意，就在我们中间维持其常备军。

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.他施加影响使军队独立于文官政权之外，并凌驾于文官政权之上。

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.他同他人勾结，把我们置于一种既与我们的法规不相干，也未经我们的法律承认的管辖之下，而且还批准他们的伪法案；

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;在我们中间驻扎大批的武装部队；

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States.不论这些人对我们各州居民犯下何等严重的谋杀罪，他可用虚假的审判来庇护他们，让他们逍遥法外；

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;他切断我们同世界各地的贸易；

For imposing taxes on us without our consent;未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;在许多案件中，通过伤害来剥夺我们享有陪审的权益；

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;以莫须有的罪名把我们押送海外受审；

For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule these Colonies;他在一个邻省废除了英国法律的自由制度，在那里建立专制政府，扩大其疆域，使其立即成为一个样板和合适的工具，以便向这里各殖民地推行同样的专制统治；

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;他取消了我们的宪章，废除了我们最珍贵的法律，并从根本上改变了我们政府的形式；

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.他终止我们的立法机构行使权力，宣称他们自己拥有在任何情况下为我们制定法律的权力。

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.他放弃设在这里的政府，宣称我们已不属他们保护之列，并向我们发动战争。

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.他在我们的海域里掠夺，蹂躏我们的沿海地区，烧毁我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.他此时正在运送大批外国雇佣兵，来从事其制造死亡、荒凉和暴政的勾当，其残忍与卑劣从一开始就连最野蛮的时代也难以相比，他已完全不配当一个文明国家的元首。

He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.他强迫我们在公海被他们俘虏的同胞拿起武器反对自己的国家，使他们成为残杀他们自己的朋友和同胞的刽子手，或使他们死于他们自己的朋友和同胞的手下。

He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.他在我们中间煽动内乱，并竭力挑唆残酷无情的印地安蛮子来对付我们边疆的居民；而众所周知，印地安人的作战准则是不分辨男女老幼和是非曲直一律格杀勿论。

In every stage of these oppressions，we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury.A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.在遭受这些压迫的每一阶段，我们都曾以最谦卑的言辞吁请予以纠正。而我们一次又一次的情愿，却只是被报以一次又一次的伤害。一个君主其品格被他的每一个只有暴君才干的出的行为所暴露时，就不配君临自由的人民。

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren.We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them., as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.我们并不是没有想到我们英国的弟兄。他们的立法机关想把无理的管辖权扩展到我们这里来，我们时常把这个企图通知他们。我们曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情况告诉他们。我们曾恳求他们天生的正义感和雅量，念在同种同宗的分上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，因为这些掠夺行为难免会使我们之间的关系和来往中断。可他们对这种正义和同宗的呼声也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们不得不宣布脱离他们，以对待世界上其他民族的态度对待他们：同我交战者就是敌人；同我和好者即为朋友。

独立实验室迎来独立日 第6篇

独立实验室迎来独立日

12月24日,卫生部颁布<医学检验所基本标准(试行)>(以下简称<基本标准>,第一次将独立实验室定义为医疗机构,同时对行业的准入条件给予了严格的限制.经过十几年快速但低调的发展,独立实验室终于有了”身份“.