牛津英语高中英语语法

牛津英语高中英语语法（精选6篇）

牛津英语高中英语语法 第1篇

《牛津活用英语语法》(Oxford Practice Grammar)讲练结合，即时巩固：全书共153个单元，左页讲解，右页练习，及时强化所学内容。构思新巧，易于理解：每个单元均以生活化的插图、对话或故事开篇，生动有趣。例句生动，丰富易懂：每项讲解都配有例句，在现实场景中体现丰富的英语语法知识。阶段测验，评估进度：学习者通过25个测验，可评估学习进度，复习各单元所学内容。附录实用，方便查询：包括构词法、标点符号、发音及美国英语的用法等。

牛津英语高中英语语法 第2篇

符号例释

起点测试

词与句子

动词

疑问句、否定句和回答

情态动词

被动语态

不定式和-ing形式

名词和冠词

this，my，some，a lot of，all等

代词

形容词和副词

介词

动词+介词和副词

间接引语

关系从句

条件句和wish

连词

附录

起点测试答案

练习答案

测验答案

牛津英语高中英语语法 第3篇

中小学英语课程是学生学习语言知识、训练语言技能、获得语言体验的平台,对学生形成有效的学习策略和科学的思维方式、了解中外文化异同、提高跨文化交往能力、提高信息素养等具有独特的作用。英语核心素养涵盖理解与表达、语用与语感、情感与文化三个方面。而语法能力是掌握语言知识体系的能力,是语言实践能力的前提。

学习语法不是目的,而我们在日常教学中往往将掌握语法规则当做最终目的。英语新课程标准明确指出:“此次英语课程改革的重点就是要改革英语教学过分强调语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力培养的倾向……”目前,在初中英语教学改革进程中,部分教师的教学观念却没有得到根本改变,教师不能从学生的角度去设计教学,教法陈旧,模式单一。许多教师由于受传统教学法的影响,往往以语法的知识讲解为中心,采取单向传递的教学方式、平铺直叙的教学方法、单一的教学手段,而缺乏情境和交际的教学,不利于形成民主、和谐的教学氛围,使学生难以充分运用语法的内涵表意功能进行口语交际。但是,也有部分教师因此忽视了语法教学在英语教学中的作用,误认为语法教学无足轻重,甚至完全抛弃了多年来积累的语法教学经验,使得英语教学由“重知识、轻能力”转向了“重能力、轻知识”的极端;由于知识严重不足,缺乏系统,导致各种“能力”成为无源之水,无本之木。

上海市教委教研室教研员朱浦老师曾说过:“在言语交际过程中,语境的各种成分相互联系、相互影响,形成相对完整的语境系统,制约着整个言语交际过程,使言语交际中的词、句实现其语境意义。正是由于语义对语境的依赖及语境对语义的制约和影响,通过语境习得英语被语言学家视为一种重要的学习方式。”英语语法教学的目的是为了让学生更好地开展语言实践活动,培养他们用英语进行交际的能力。英语语法教学不应是抽象的,应创设语境,以生动的实例为先导,以观察为认知的起点,以思考与内化为进程,以输出与再认识为归宿。如果在教学中能把语法训练融入实际生活的事例,学生就不会感到枯燥乏味,且易于运用、乐于运用。我们所使用的牛津教材语法部分的练习所选的话题、内容与本章节的主题一致,贴近学生生活实际,语境真实,为我们充分开展任务型教学创造了良好条件。因此,我认为,语法教学应在真实的语言环境中进行,不要纯粹为了教语法而教语法。语法是语言使用的规则,对学习者来说是必不可少的。在教学中,教师应该优化语法教学,才能增强学生运用英语进行交际的准确性,从而有效地贯彻语言教学。

[问题提出]

初中英语语法教学从语法到语法技能的转变。

[教学设计]

本课的教学重点是情态动词should和ought to,我在本堂课中设计的任务情境力求能符合学生的年龄特点,任务的难易程度由浅入深,结合学生生活中遇到的实例,使学生做到用中学与学中用,从而培养学生的语言综合运用能力。我在教学中采用了task-based approach的教学理念,通过语法教学“观察→发现→讨论→归纳→巩固→运用”的模式,运用各种任务和情境的设置展开教学。

1.pre-task preparation阶段

在导入阶段,我通过让学生观看一段《色拉英语》的录像来引出本课的教学重点,即情态动词should,并结合学生已有的情态动词语法概念,引导学生自己对should的语法规则进行概括。

设计意图:课堂教学中的导入是教学的第一个环节,好的导入能使学生较快地进入正授环节,并为这节课的主要学习内容起着铺垫或者引导的作用。通过导入可以激发学生学习兴趣,使学生对这节课的学习内容引起注意,还能营造浓厚的英语学习氛围,充分发挥学生学习的自主性,化解学生的焦虑,强化他们的求知欲。然后,借用录像中的内容,我设计了一个Mr.G提出的问题“Please tell me what else I should say”直接引出了情态动词should,并在学生已学must、can等情态动词的基础上,引导学生对should的用法进行简单的归纳。

2.while-task procedure阶段

在这阶段,我分三大部分进行教学,将should和ought to分别引入,最后综合操练,使整个教学过程形成由浅入深的坡度。

第一,牛津教材有着循序渐进,往复出现的特点。我首先通过展示学生在七年级学过的typhoon precautions的图片,要求学生根据例句,进行情态动词should肯定句式和否定句式的机械性操练。然后,我通过对课本上图片的利用,展示了学校生活中的不文明现象,让学生通过用一般疑问句的形式进行pair work练习。

设计意图:充分利用牛津英语教材复现率高的特点,激发学生已有的隐性知识,利用七年级学习的台风预警,让学生用should进行肯定和否定句式的机械性操练。然后,我利用学生身边不文明的行为习惯,创设情境,让学生对这些不文明的习惯进行质疑,并通过pair work的形式让学生操练疑问句式。本环节教学旨在让学生通过已有关于情态动词的知识,通过观察,进而自主发现情态动词should的语法现象,并加以巩固。

第二,引入ought to,再次利用前面录像中的Mr.G的形象,设计了Mr.G说的一句话“I know,I know!I ought to say‘please'and.‘thank you'when I ask for help”来引入ought to,并且对生词ought进行了全班带读,然后,对比先前should的语法规则对ought to的用法进行简单归纳。接下去,我又是结合学生七年级学习掌握的instruction这个单词,设计了一个药品说明书,让学生进行肯定句式和否定句式的机械性操练,以达到巩固的目的。然后,通过pair work的操练形式,我让学生用ought to的一般疑问句形式给图片中的任务提出各种建议。

设计意图:对于学生本课中ought to是个学习难点,本环节通过导入部分Mr.G的画面引出ought to。对比先前should的语法规则对ought to的用法让学生进行观察与归纳。同时,利用学生在七年级学到的instruction的知识,我创设了日常药品使用的情境,让学生把祈使句转换成情态动词ought to的句式。同时,为了增加学生的思维能动性,我创设了另一个情境,即日常生活中的不良习惯,让学生进行pair work。

第三,通过前面should和ought to的分别教学,我设计了一个“给老师提建议”的活动。我分别打印了一些词组并分成红绿两种小纸条给学生,让学生根据我屏幕上展示的情境,结合纸条上的词组分别用should和ought to给我提出建议。这个活动的设计能充分激发学生的兴趣,而且在活动中学生还能发挥他们自身潜在的语言能力。

设计意图:本环节的设计旨在进一步拓宽学生语言学习的思维品质。在对should和ought to这两个情态动词基本掌握的基础上,我引导学生在语境中理解和运用语言,形成对语言既定形式和用法习惯的敏感性。

3.post-task activity阶段

这个阶段,我通过学生前面给教师提建议的活动,设计了一个“给两个学生提建议”的任务,给每个小组一封信,让学生通过讨论,给信中的人物提出建议,并且让学生自我评定哪一个小组提出的建议是最好的。然后,我以“做一个可爱的上海人”为主题,让学生进行讨论“What should we do to make a better city and a better life”,并制作相关宣传海报。

设计意图:本环节是综合语言运用的阶段,让学生在运用已有的语言知识,充分发挥语言表达的功能,结合本课的教学重点should与ought to,积累学习经验、形成学习能力的过程中,养成正确的学习态度、心理适应能力和跨文化交往能力。同时,在时间允许的情况下创设情境2:创作海报“Better City,Better Life”,让学生由口头的输出转化为笔头的输出,并将其作为回家作业的延续性任务加以巩固。

[自我反思]

通过本课的教学使我认识到在语法教学中,设计贴近学生生活的任务,能将抽象的语法规则带入生活情境中,让学生在完成任务的过程中,体会和领悟语言形式的表意功能,使所学语法规则在真实交际中得到运用,从而达到内化规则和有效提高学生语言运用的目的。英语语法教学应以生动的实例为先导,以观察为认知的起点,以思考与内化为进程,以输出与再认识为归宿。采用任务型教学途径可以改变目前语法教学过于重视语言形式而忽视语言实际运用能力培养的状况;可以使学生由被动接受变为主动实践,使枯燥的语法学习变得生动活泼;可以增强学生的学习自主性,促进学生之间的合作与交流,提高学生实际运用的能力。以下是我对语法课教学的几点感悟。

1.立足学生已有的语言材料

教师应该正确引出语法的概念,理解语法结构所表达的意义,把隐性的语法学习和显性的语法学习结合起来。学生在学习某一语法结构之前,往往已经在先前的课文阅读中接触了这种语法现象。这些累积的语言知识为学生提供了语法结构的情境,教师应引导学生从积累的语言知识中学习新的语法,不断复习已经学过的语法现象,从而产生温故而知新的滚雪球的效应,这样能有效地帮助学生理解新的语法结构及其意义。

2.将语法教学放置在真实的语境中

教师在进行课堂设计时,既要考虑如何讲清语法结构,更要探究这种语法结构在日常交际活动中的运用,要从这一点出发去设计活动和任务,创设真实语言情境,强化语法结构的运用,并让学生通过活动,达成掌握和运用这一语法结构的目标,从而真正体现做中学与学中用。教师应注重让学生在大量接触某语言现象的基础上理解归纳该语法结构,而非死记硬背该结构或规则;同时,还要把语法结构的学习同词语的用法结合起来。

3.树立以学生为中心和以学生发展为本的教育理念

教师必须转变教育教学观念,转变教师角色,由包办代替者转为学生学习的指导者、引路者,为学生创造大量语言使用的环境,使学生在大量的交际活动中,使用语言、掌握语言。只有树立了这一理念,教师才能努力地研究学生,尊重学生在学习过程中的感受,建立融洽的师生关系,设计出符合他们生理和心理特征、贴近学生生活和兴趣的活动,课堂也才会充满生气。

摆脱传统的语法翻译教学模式是件好事,而交际教学模式又很容易造成对英语语法教学的忽略,从而走向另一个极端。因此,教师应该在日常的教学中平衡两者关系,树立一种比较全面、科学的英语语法观,敢于尝试与挑战,从语法到语法技能,创造出一种新型的课堂教学模式。

[专家点评]

语法知识在基础英语学习中起着非常重要的作用,是学生掌握语言能力的重要辅助手段。但是,大多数教师对语法教学望而生畏,缺乏很好的教授方法,往往以语法知识的讲解为主,加以多种机械练习,让学生操练、巩固。这样的教学过程和模式简单、枯燥,容易引起学生的反感,也违背了语言教学的初衷。而杨扬老师设计的这节情态动词should和ought to的语法课,以语言实践为前提,以完成任务为主线,将抽象的语法概念融入到学生的活动中,很好地诠释了语法教学的原则,即在真实的语言环境中教授语法,培养学生用英语进行交际的能力。整堂课颠覆了人们对语法教学的传统观念,体现了新课程背景下的教学理念,是一个值得借鉴和推广的范例。

牛津英语语法教学的几点尝试 第4篇

【关键词】牛津英语 语法教学

一、英语语法教学的重要性

语法是英语的一个重要组成部分，所以在对英语的教学活动中，语法一直是被大家所关注的部分。但是近年来，社会在不断地发展，人们更加重视英语的交际功能，而语法所代表的语言形式却被大家所忽视。人们在使用英语时，也不太去注意语法的使用，以能够交谈为主。交际法是一种对语法的回避，但其实在实际操作中英语不可能脱离语法教学。

对于学生而言，其面临着英语考试，英语考试中对于同学们语法学习的要求比较高，所以同学们不可以忽视英语语法的重要性。虽然英语是一门语言，主要以可以交谈为主，但是同学们语法学不好，就会影响自己意思的表达，并不能够顺利交谈。所以对于同学们而言，学习语法还是具有其必要性的。同学们可以通过对语法的学习，将其和英语的形式等结合起来。

二、英语语法教学的现状

在英语的教学中，语法的教学一直是一个非常重要的部分。语法就是一种掌握英语的途径，让同学们通过对英语语法的学习，达到能够熟练应用英语的目的。所以对语法的学习并不是同学们的目的，而是应该通过学习语法，掌握英语的规律。目前而言，同学们对于英语语法的重视程度还不够，很多同学都觉得学习语法没用，还不如多背几个单词，或是阅读文章找到语感。但是这并不能够代替语法。还有一部分同学很想把语法学好，但是却发现语法并不易懂，各种各样的从句等不易掌握，逐渐失去信心。总体来讲，我国学生对于英语语法的学习现状不容乐观。

三、对英语语法教学的几点尝试

1.语法教学中增加小组合作。事实上，同学们对知识的学习并非依靠教师的传授，而是在一定的情境之下，通过老师的引导和一些学习资料，自己构建出一个知识体系。所以在对语法的学习中，教师们不应该使用传统教学的“灌输法”，将各种句型的各种情形列出来分别举例，让同学们记下来并学习。此时教师们应该注意到，学习英语语法是为了让同学们能够更好地做到听说读写，更好地对英语进行应用。所以教师应该首先将同学们作为课堂的主体，以同学们为主，设计课堂形式来进行教学。

所谓小组合作，就是将同学们分成若干组，让同学们根据一个Topic进行交流，并且设计一些新颖的活动，给予同学们一个相互学习和交流的环境，开拓了同学们的思维，同时也为同学们提供了一个对语法的学习和使用的机会。在小组内交流的好处就是可以让同学们可以更加放得开，相比在课堂上当着所有同学的面和老师进行交流，小组交流的心理压力就小得多，同学们可以大胆地运用语言，小组内成员相互指正，共同学习，共同提高。

2.设计与生活相关的任务。对英语语法的教学过程中，不可缺少的就是对语法的练习。在布置练习过程中，教师们需要注意布置同学们更加熟悉的任务，更加贴近同学们的生活，以使得语法的教学更加具有效果。如果使用同学们不熟悉的话题，可能会有很多意思不会表达，就无暇顾及语法的使用了。相反地，教师们布置同学们熟悉的话题，同学们能够对这个话题有话说，在其将自己的意思表达出来后，才能够更加专心地考虑语法的使用。比如，在学习过关于旅行的有关单词和课文后，让同学们自己写一篇关于旅行的作文，其中需要包括同学们在旅行前的准备，旅行过程中发生的事情以及旅行后的感受，并要求同学們注意时态的使用。

关于travel，同学们都很熟悉，所以在意思的表达方面没有困难，将更多的注意力放到语法方面，我们发现在时态的使用方面，大多数同学都可以做到比较准确，这样就达到了提升同学们语法使用能力的效果。

3.笔头练习变成口头练习。对语法的学习和其他知识的学习还是有所不同。如果是学习单词，就是要记住单词的词性以及意思，还有其在句子中的应用。但是学习语法，同学们学习时态、句型等，可能会越学越迷惑，因为每一种句型都可能对应很多种情况。这时就需要教师们改变教学策略，将一些书写的东西转变为口头的练习，将一些和同学们生活不贴切的教学信息更换成同学们更加熟悉的信息。

4.动员学生在生活中寻找有问题的英语。要想真正学习好英语的语法，不应该只停留在课堂上，还应该让同学们加强对语法的兴趣，将语法运用到生活中，和生活联系起来。只有这样，才能够真正学会对语法的应用。所以教师们应该动员同学们在生活中进行观察，发现生活中的一些语法现象。比如在上海的公交车中往往会有一句提示语：Please prepare for your getting off.这句英语的意识是提醒乘客提前准备下车。但是这句话的语法使用就比较生硬，生硬地去搬“prefare for”句型。更加自然的表达方式可以使用“Please prepare to getting off”。所以同学们一定要注意观察，在生活中多接触英语，将语法的学习融入到生活中，真正学会语法的运用。

参考文献：

[1]郭芳芳.对初中牛津英语教学中语法教学的分析[J].中学生英语（外语教学与研究），2012，（5）：127-128.

[2]钱芳.解读初中牛津英语语法教学的“五关注”[J].考试周刊，2013，（32）：65-67.

牛津英语高中英语语法 第5篇

第一单元

一 定语从句：定语从句的介绍

1． 就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。形容词：The green team 介词短语：The team in green 定语从句：The team who were wearing green

2． 定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或关系副词来引导，如when, where, why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。

如：做主语The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.做宾语The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.做表语Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.做定语She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.做状语The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.二 定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose 1． 在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。

如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.2． 在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。

如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.3． 当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。

如：I don’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.4． 当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。

如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.5． Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。

如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.第二单元

一 定语从句：介词提前的定语从句（preposition＋which;preposition＋whom）

1． 当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。

如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.2． 在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。

如：Art is the subject which I know little about.3． 如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。

如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.4． 当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略关系代词who和that。

如：The topic(which)Eric is interested in is Physics.Daniel is the person(whom)I want to make friends with.5． 当先行词是way时，我们用in which或that来引导定语从句，这种情况下，in which或that 可以被省略。

如：I didn’t like the way(that /in which)she talked to me.二 定语从句：关系副词：when，where，why 1．我们通常用关系副词when 引导先行词是time，moment，day，season，year 等的定语从句。

如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge? I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.2．我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定语从句。

如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.3．我们通常用关系副词why引导先行词是reason的定语从句。如：I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.4．在更加正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词＋which 所替代。

如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.第三单元

一 定语从句：非限制性定语从句

1．非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。

如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.2．当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which来引导定语从句。如：He missed the show, which was a great pity.3．我们可以用all＋whom/which 来表示全部数量，用some of＋whom/which来表示部分数量。

如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.二 附加疑问句

1．附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。

当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。

当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。2．附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：

1）在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。

如：We can still be friends, can’t we? He doesn’t like ice cream, does he? 2）当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you? No one has found my CD, have they? Nobody understood his speech, did they? His sister seldom argues with people, does she? 3）人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附加疑问句中。如：I was pretty silly, wasn’t I?

Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven’t you? 4）助动词，情态动词或be动词会放在附加疑问句中。

如：You like traveling, don’t you?

There is something wrong, isn’t there? You can’t speak Italian, can you?

5）祁使句后用will you，Let’s后用shall we 如：Post a letter for me, will you? Let’s have a break, shall we?

牛津高中英语－模块二

第一单元

一 现在完成时态

1．我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.2．我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.3． 当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连用的时间短 语有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet already 用语肯定句，yet用语否定句。

如：The boy has already come home.I haven’t heard anything from him yet.for+一段时间 since+点时间

如：We haven’t seen him for two years.We haven’t seen him since 2002.注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。4． 我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。

如：The police have just finished searching the area.5． 我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。

如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.6． 现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词

二 现在完成进行时态

1．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.2．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。如：---Sorry I’m late.Have you been waiting long?---Yes, I’ve been waiting for an hour.3．现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing

注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。

如：I have been waiting for a long time.He has been waiting since nine o’clock.三 现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态

1．我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。

如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge.(She finished reading the book.)Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge.(She is still reading the book.)2．我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。如：I have visited Egypt twice this month.I have been touring Egypt for two months.现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答how long的提问。

如：How many times have you swum in the lake? How long have you been swimming in the lake? 3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。

如：I have had this camera for five years.(状态动词)I have taken photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）

I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera.（动作动词）

注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like，know，exist 4．当 never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。

如：I’ve never visited Paris.I’ve already been to Paris.第二单元

一 将来进行时态

1．我们用将来进行时态来：

1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。

如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday.He will be climbing in the Himalayas.3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。

如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。

4）礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。

如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania? 2．将来进行时态的构成： 1）陈述句：will(not)+v-ing 如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will(not)be flying to Morocco.2）疑问句：will 提到主语的前面

th如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15 July? 3）回答：will（not）

如：Yes, they will./No, they will not(won’t)二 过去将来时态

1．我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来： 1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。

如：They set off at 9 a.m.and would reach the airport an hour later.2)暗指一个过去的目的。

如：I was going to leave, but then it rained.3)暗指一个过去的安排。

如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.4)指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。

如：The journey that was to change Toby’s life started in July that year.2．陈述句中过去将来时态的构成： 1）would +动词原形

如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.2)was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to 如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time.It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning.Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.第三单元

一 过去完成时态

1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。

如：Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.2．在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。如：‚We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,‛ said Carter.-------Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.3．过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。

如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.4．过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.5．过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed 如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.二 现在完成时态还是过去完成时态

当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。

如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangly.牛津高中英语－模块三

第一单元

一 名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍

名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是一样的。1． 我们可以用名词性从句做句子的主语。

如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.Whether he’ll be able to come is not yet known.Why they have not left yet is unclear.我们可以用it来做形式主语。

如：It was good news that everyone got back safely.2． 我们可以用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。

如：she sensed that she was being watched.I wonder if/whether that’s a good idea.Polly didn’t know which way she should go.我们可以用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。

如：I’m interested in who that tall man is.There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.我们可以用it来做形式宾语。

如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.3． 我们可以用名词性从句来做表语。

如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far.My question is whether Polly can find her way home.The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.4． 我们可以用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。

如：the fact that Polly didn’t ask for the man’s name is a pity.The news that the plane had crashed made us sad.Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing? 5． 我们用that，if/whether或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句。

如：I hope that Polly will be OK.No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.She couldn’t imagine how the blind man had found her.二 名词性从句：用that或if/whether引导的名词性从句

1．我们用that 来引导名词性从句。

1）当从句是一个陈述句时，我们用that来引导名词性从句。

如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.2)在大多数情况下，我们不用that来引导介词后的名词性从句，但是，可以用that来引导in或except后的宾语从句。

如：The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog.I didn’t tell him anything except that I wasn’t able to find my way back.3）当名词性从句做句子的主语时，that不能省略。

如：That we couldn’t find our way out was really bad news.4）在非正式英语中，当名词性从句做句子的宾语或表语时，that可以省略。

如：She wished(that)someone would come along to help her.The truth is(that)the buses will not be running.1． 我们用if或whether 来引导名词性从句。

1）当从句是个一般疑问句时，我们用if或whether来引导名词性从句。我们把if或whether后面从句的顺序改成陈述句的语序。

如：She wondered.Would the buses still be running? She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.2）介词后只能用whether，而不能用if。

如：She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong.3）当从句做主语放在句子开头时，只能用whether，而不能用if。如：Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.4）只能用whether or not，而不能用if or not。

如：I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street.2． 如果and或but引导两个并列的that或whether/if引导的名词性从句，后一个句子的that或whether/if不可省。

如：He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn’t use an umbrella when it was raining.No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work.第二单元

一 名词性从句：由疑问词引导的名词性从句

我们用以下的疑问词来引导名词性从句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。

1． 当从句是wh-引导的疑问句时，我们用疑问词来引导名词性从句。从句可以做句子的主语，宾语或表语。

如：Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begin to see why English has such strange rules.That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules.2． 我们把疑问词后面的句式改成陈述句的语序。

如：What are people from the north saying? People from the south find it difficult to understand.People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying.3．在任何情况下，都不可以省略名词性从句中的疑问引导词。

二 形式主语it 在英语中，我们通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于强调。这被称做句末强调效果。用形式主语it就可以达到这一效果。It只是语法意义上的主语，真正的主语在句子的后面。1． 我们通常用it来做形式主语。

1）当我们用一个名词性从句来做句子的主语时：

（更好的）It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.（正确的）That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain.2）当主语是带to的动词不定式时：

（更好的）It is hard to master a foreign language.（正确的）To master a foreign language is hard.3）当主语是动词-ing形式时：

（更好的）Smoking is difficult to stop.（正确的）It is difficult to stop smoking.2． It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove前做句子的形式主语。

如：It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages.It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=my new neighbor happens to come from my hometown.3． 我们可以用句型it+be+被强调的名词或短语+that或who引导的从句来强调句子中的主语，宾语或状语。如：It was last night(not any other time)that I read about the history of English.如果不强调任何成分，句子可以是：

I read about the history of English last night.第三单元

一 宾语补足语

1．宾语补足语为宾语提供更多的信息。

如：They called her the Loulan Beauty.2．宾语补足语通常以下面形式出现：动词+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语补足语通常可以是名词短语或形容词。

如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society.We found the ruins most interesting.3． 有时侯带to的动词不定式和不带to的动词不定式可以做宾语补足语。如：They believed him to be honest.Professor Zhang’s speech made us all laugh.4． 宾语补足语可以时介词短语。

如：She found ourselves in the middle of a desert.5． 宾语不足语通常和宾语在数上是一致的。如：She made Joe her assistant.She made Joe and Sue her assistants.二 Either… or… 和 Neither… nor…

1．我们用either…or…来表示选择性。如：（连接主语）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.(连接动词)people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses.(连接宾语)we could choose to eat either noodles or rice.(连接状语)they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.3． 我们用neither…nor…来连接表示否定的观点。（both…and…的反义词）如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.I ate neither the noodles nor the rice.They went there neither by train nor by air.三 主谓一致

主谓一致是指在主语后选择正确的单复数形式。以下几点帮助我们决定动词是单数或是复数。

1． 动词应是单数，如果主语是： 1）单数的名词或不可数名词

th如：the city was founded in the 8 century BC.The food they offered on the plane was delicious.2)计量的短语，标题或名字

如：two hours is too short for the visit.Little women is a great novel.3)一个短语或从句

如：travelling to Pompeii is exciting.That it keeps raining worries the tourists.2． 动词应是复数，如果主语是： 1）一个复数名词

如：both cities were very rich.2）由and连接的两个或两个以上的单词或短语

如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain.3． 当主语是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名词/代词，动词与名词或代词保持一致。

如：all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii.Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered.4． 当主语是集合名词，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 时，如果名词指代的是集体，动词用单数；如果名词指代的是个体，动词用复数。如：our team is very important to me.Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang.5． 当主语是news, physics, mathematics, Aids时，动词用单数；当主语是goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 时，动词用复数。

如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai.All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake.6． 当either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…,连接句子的主语时，动词采取就近原则。

如：either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students.Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.注：当主语是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one时，动词用单数。

牛津高中英语－模块四

第一单元

一 直接引语和间接引语

1．我们用直接引语来阐述所说的话。如果我们把引语写下来，这些单词就会被放在引号 但是，我们通常更愿意用间接引语来阐述所说的话。

直接引语：She said, ‚China has been using PSAs to educate people.‛ 间接引语：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people.2．我们可以通过把所说的话改成宾语从句或动词不定式短语的形式来把直接引语变成间接引语。

如：She said, ‚I’m used to ads.‛----She said that she was used to ads.‚We must not fall for this kind of trick!‛ she said.-----She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick.3．除了句型的改变外，还有其它的改变： 1）人称代词的改变：

如：She said, ‚I did some research.‛-----She said that she had done some research.2）时态的改变：

如：She said, ‚This as is very clever.‛-----She said that that ad was very clever.下面列举当动词是过去时态时，时态是如何变化的： 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 一般过去时 过去完成时 现在完成时 过去完成时 一般将来时 过去将来时 过去完成时 过去完成时

现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 注：当陈述一个不变的事实时，时态不变。

如： ‚light travels at great speed,‛ he said.----He said that light travels at great speed.3）时间和地点状语的变化：

如：Tom said, ‚I am working here today.‛-----Tom said he was working there that day.下面列举这种变化的例子：

直接引语 间接引语

today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc.tomorrow the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc.yesterday the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc.next month the month after/ the following month / in July,etc.last year the year before / the previous year, etc.a week ago a week before / a week earlier,etc.4）其它的例子：

直接引语 间接引语 this that these those come go

二 间接引语：陈述句，疑问句和祈使句

1．陈述句

1）我们用that引导的名词性从句来陈述一件事。

如：She said, ‚Advertisements are an important part of our lives.‛------She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives.2)除了say之外，还有其它的动词可以这样用：

tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn 如： ‚PSAs are often placed for free,‛ the writer said.-----The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.2．疑问句

1）我们用whether/if引导的名词性从句来陈述一般疑问句。

如：Matt asked Ann, ‚Are you the happiest person in the world?‛-----Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in the world.2）我们用wh-疑问词引导的名词性从句来陈述wh-疑问句。如：I asked her, ‚How can that could be?’-----I asked her how that could be true.3．祈使句

1）我们用以下结构来陈述祈使句：陈述动词+宾语+（not）+ to-动词不定式

如：The writer said, ‚Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.‛-----The writer told us to think about why we should do the things the ad suggested.‚Don’t worry, Mickey,‛ Jen said.-----Jen asked Mickey not to worry.2)其它的单词也有同样的用法：advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn 如： ‚Don’t believe every advertisement you read,‛ Michelle said to me.-----Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read.第二单元

一 情态动词：总体介绍

1．我们用情态动词来谈论： 1）能力

如：He can run the 100m sprint in11seconds.2)义务

义务性由弱到强排列：ought to/ should----have to-----must 如：You must work hard to win the gold medal.3)确定

确定性由弱到强排列：might----may----could----should-----ought to----will----must 如：She might win a medal at the Olympics.4)允许

正式性由弱到强排列：can----could----may----might 如：He is injured but may take part in the games.2 我们也用情态动词来： 1）提要求：

正式性由弱到强排列：will---can----could----would 如：Can you help me with my training? 3）提意见：

如：Shall we do exercise this morning? 4）提供帮助：

如：I’ll wash your sports jacket.Shall I get a ticket for you? 5）提建议：

如：You should not/ ought not to eat a lot before swimming.3 情态动词后应该接不带to的动词不定式。如：She could win the gold medal.4 我们用情态动词的进行时来谈论现在可能发生的事情，用情态动词的完成时来谈论过去可能发生的事情。

如：The boys may be playing football on the playground.He plays basketball very well.He must have practiced it a lot.二 情态动词：can和be able to 等

1．Can 和be able to 1）当指能力时，can和be able to可以互换，但be able to比can更加正式但也不常用。如：My brother can/is able to play table tennis very well.2)我们用can来谈论将来可能发生的动作。

如：Let’s get some exercise.We can go and jog in the park.3）be able to可以用在不同的时态中，可以后面直接接动词原形或放在另一个情态动词

之后。

如：I’m sorry I haven’t been able to play tennis with you recently.It’s nice to be able to attend the lecture.Wang Gong might be able to win the chess game.4)can的过去式是could，be able to的过去式是was /were able to 如：He could swim across the river when he was young.Mike was a good swimmer, so he was able to take first place in the competition.2 shall和 will 1）我们通常用shall来表达承诺，用will来表达决心或决定。

如：Don’t worry.You shall have the tickets for the games.Liu Mei will go and buy the tickets for the games.2)在疑问句中，shall用于第一人称或第三人称提供帮助或提建议，will用于第二人称和第三人称询问意愿。

如：Shall we go swimming this weekend? A group of students are waiting to see you outside.Shall they come in? Will you go hiking with me in the mountain? Will he pay for me? 3 mustn’t和needn’t Mustn’t用来表达让某人不做某事，needn’t用来表达做某事没必要。

如：You mustn’t miss this football match.It’s very important.You needn’t watch the game if you don’t want to.4 need和dare 当用做情态动词时，这两个词常出现在否定句和疑问句中。这两个词还可以当做普通动词来用。

如：You needn’t / don’t need to go training if you feel tired.Dare he/ Does he dare to dive into the water from the bridge?

第三单元

一 被动语态

1．主动语态和被动语态在意思上没有太大区别，可以互换。在主动语态的句子中，我们用动作的发出者作为句子的主语；在被动语态的句子中，我们用动作的承受者作为句子的主语。如：Scientists designed a VR headset.A VR headset was designed by scientists.2 被动语态的基本结构是：be+-ed（动词的过去分词），在不同的时态中，be的形式是不一样的。例如，在一般现在时态中，be是is或are；在现在进行时态中，be是is/am/are+being；在现在完成时态中，be是have/has+been；在一般将来时态中，be是will+be。

如：Right now the new product is being developed in the laboratory.An agreement has been put forward.3．当用被动语态的时候，以下几点需要注意：

1）我们通常用by来引导动作的发出者，但当没必要提及动作的发出者或动作的发出者不重要，或很难说出动作的发出者是谁时，动作的发出者可以省略不提。如：he believes that VR films will be accepted by viewers.Both the headsets and the gloves are connected to the RealCine computer system.2）动词give，lend，offer，send，tell和show后面可以接两个宾语，分别指人和物。当这些

动词用做被动语态的时候，我们通常把动词后面接的人做为句子的主语；有些时候，也会把物作为主语。

如：They are offered headsets and gloves in the cinema.Headsets and gloves were offered to them in the cinema.3）在主动语态中，一些动词后面往往接宾语和动词原形。在被动语态中，动词原形前面要接to。

如：I saw him go there.He was seen to go there.4)有时候，在被动语态中，get可以替换be。如：get changed, get dressed, get hurt 如：Please wait a while.I’ll just go and get changed.4）有些动词主动形式表被动含义。

如：This kind of computer sells well in China.Your article reads well.5）状态动词不能用于被动语态。如：I have many science books.VR films belong to the latest wave of new technology.4． 被动语态的其它特殊形式： 1）it+动词的被动语态+that从句

如：It is said that the technology behind RealCine is virtual reality.2）主语+动词的被动语态+to do 如：The technology behind RealCine is said to be virtual reality.类似的动词还有：believe, report, suppose, know, prove 等。

二 情态动词和被动语态

1．在被动语态中用情态动词来表达能力，可能性，责任，允诺等。如：Firefighter could be trained using RealCine.2．情态动词被动语态的形式是：情态动词+be+动词的过去分词

如：The position of the viewer can be calculated at any time.注意其它情态动词被动语态的用法： 主动语态 被动语态

Can touch can be touched May feel may be felt Might not impress might not be impressed Could use could be used Should use should be used Ought to develop ought to be developed Must wear must be worn 被动语态通常被用在科学报告中。

三 经常被用做被动语态的动词

1．一些经常被用做被动语态的动词可以充当形容词的作用.如：be bored with be born in/on be disappointed at /by be fascinated by be impressed at /by/with be interested in be set up by be situated in /on be surprised at/by 如：Andy was bored with listening to the same CD every day.I was born on a Wednesday.My dad was disappointed by my test results.People have always been fascinated by new technology.She was impressed at the number of points I scored.Some of my friends are interested in studying abroad.This new exhibition was set up by the Students’Union.Our school is situated in a quiet area.They were surprised at the possibilities of the Internet.这里的be都可以用become来取代。

牛津高中英语－模块五

第一单元

一 动词不定式：带to的动词不定式

带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形，如，to do, to work.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.1．带to-的动词不定式可以做： 1）句子的主语

如：To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的宾语

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.3）宾语不足语

如：I asked him to come over.4）定语

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.5）同位语

如：His intention was to cheer me up.6）状语

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2．带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态

如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 动词不定式：不带to的动词不定式

1．可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有： 1）let make have（有时候）

如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官动词：feel hear see watch 如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not 如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官动词后可以接v-ing 如：I saw her talk to her new friend.(见证谈话的整个过程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(见证谈话正在发生，但不一定见证整个谈话过程)2．当有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名词

1．V-ing可以充当名词用。可以被用做： 1）做主语（指一般性的动作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做宾语（指一般性的动作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介词之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代词之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所谈论的人比较明确，那么物主代词可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.5）组成复合名词

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2．以下动词后面接v-ing

Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用词组后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4．以下动词后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上几乎没有区别。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5．一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要确保形式的正确。如，forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情还没做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已经做了)如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二单元

一 V-ing 充当形容词或副词

1．v-ing可作： 1）定语

v-ing 可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。如：This will have a lasting effect.有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。

如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表语

如：This destruction is frightening.3）宾语补足语

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示动作同时发生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3．v-ing有完成时态，如，having worked 如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短语

v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1．v-ing短语可以表示： 1）时间

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因

如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.= We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）结果

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)条件

如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.= If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2．连词+v-ing 也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有：when whenever while once until 如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3．v-ing 从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket.= When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4．否定形式是： not+v-ing 如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三单元

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定语

v-ed放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed可以改成定语从句。

如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名词前的v-ed表达被动的含义。但有些v-ed 表达过去的含义，如，escaped retired fallen。比较下面的短语：

表被动：the highly praised scientist(The scientist has been highly praised.)表过去：the retired scientist(The scientist has retired.)有时候可以把副词放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachers v-ed 可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表语

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）宾语补足语

如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2．v-ed可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。如：stand sit lie 如：She lay trapped under the building for three days.(She lay there and was trapped.)

二 V-ed短语

v-ed短语可以是v-ed单独使用，也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1．表被动的v-ed短语可以表示： 1）时间 如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science.= The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)条件

如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2．v-ed形式有一个逻辑主语。在上述例子中，逻辑主语都是主句的主语。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容词

1．v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉，在意义上通常是主动的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2．v-ed形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉，在意义上通常是被动的，因为它表示我们被一个动作所影响。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英语－模块六

第一单元

时态的概要1：现在时态

现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。

1．我们用一般现在时态来谈论： 1）现在或一直是正确的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）经常发生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2．我们用现在进行时态来谈论：

1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重复发生的动作，和always一起使用，通常带有否定的附加含义 如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3．我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于： 1）重复的经历。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）过去发生的事情，但对现在有影响的事情。

如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）过去开始，但现在仍在发生的事情。

如：People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4．我们用现在完成进行时态来谈论从过去开始，持续到现在，并且还有可能继续进行的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二单元

时态的概要2：过去和将来时态

过去时态用来谈论过去的事情，包括一般过去时态，过去进行时态，过去完成时态等。1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论发生在过去并且现在已经结束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2．我们用过去进行时态来谈论发生在过去，并且持续了一段时间的事情。

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3．我们用过去完成时态来谈论：

1）在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经结束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情。

如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.将来的时态用来讨论将来的事情，包括一般将来时态，将来进行时态，过去将来时态等。1．我们用一般将来时态来讨论将来将要发生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般将来时态的结构：

1）will shall（用于提供有关将来的信息）

如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do（用于谈论将来的计划和意图）

如：Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.2．我们用将来进行时态来谈论始于将来并且要持续一段时间的动作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3．我们用过去将来时态来谈论在过去的时间被提起的时候发生在将来的事情。

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三单元

非真实条件句

非真实条件句阐述的条件或情况是不真实的或是想象的。

1．我们用非真实条件句来阐述不真实的或想象的一个现在的条件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2．我们用非真实条件句来指代一个想象的过去的动作。

如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3．我们用非真实条件句来谈论想象的将来的情况。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4．非真实条件句的构成：

现在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…

过去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done… 将来 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do… 注：would，could，might经常可以互换，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意图，计划；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性 非真实条件句还有几点需要注意：

1．在书面英语或正式的场合中，我们通常用were来代替条件句中的was.但在日常谈话中，was也经常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2．在表将来的非真实条件句中，还可以用were to/should

如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3．在非真实条件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在条件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4．在if从句中还可以用到could+ have done 来表示非真实的条件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四单元

非真实条件句：其它情况

非真实条件句还有以下其它情况。

1．当主句是有关现在发生的事情，而从句是有关过去发生的事情，或相反，我们可以用混合的条件句。

如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2．我们用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 开头的短语来替代if条件句，来表达隐含的条件的意思。

如：With(if I had)more money, I could help more people in need.Without(If we didn’t have)the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.But for the(If there was no)help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.I’m too busy now, otherwise/or(If I weren’t so busy)I would help you do the work.3．我们也可以用even if，as if，as though，if only 来引导非真实条件句。如：I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4．Wish和would rather后面可以表达非真实的情况。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadn’t told me about it.牛津高中英语－模块七

第一单元

一 介词

介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间，地点，行动等等。介词也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1．时间介词

at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用来表示时间。At后接点时间，in后接段时间，on后接具体某一天。For用来表示某事延续了多长时间，by指的是不晚于什么时间（到 为止），since指从过去某个时间到稍晚的某个时间或现在为止。其它表示时间的介词还有during，after，before，between，from，until等。

如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我们经常说in the morning/afternoon/evening,但当谈论具体的早上，下午和晚上时，th则要用on，如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5 June.2．地点介词

at，in和on是表示地点的介词。At后接小地方或一个场合，in后接大地方，on表示在某个东西的表面。其它表示地点的介词还有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。

如：I’ll meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3．行动介词

介词to经常用来表示行动，意思是‚朝着方向‛。其它的介词还有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二 介词短语

介词可以和动词，名词，和形容词连用构成介词短语。1．介词与动词连用

许多介词可以跟动词连用构成词组，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model.Do you have any in store? The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2．介词与名词连用

介词可以跟名词连用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press ‚delete‛ by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：当up to date出现在名词前时，要用连字符，如：up-to-date products 3．介词与形容词连用

一些介词可以和形容词连用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with 如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.第二单元

动词短语

动词短语是由一个动词加副词或介词构成的。

动词+副词：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.动词+介词：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great thdrug of the 20 century.在使用动词短语时有一些规则需要注意：

1．在动词短语里，副词可以放在名词的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果宾语是代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2．动词短语后面不一定要接宾语。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3．在有介词的动词短语里，介词的宾语总是放在介词的后面

如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4．有时候动词短语里的副词后会接一个介词。

如：How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.5． 动词词组有特殊的含义，如：

动词词组 含义 例句

try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6．许多动词短语的意思不止一个，如，make out 就有许多不同的意思，以下列举其它三个意思：

1）能够看见或听见某事

如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑问句中）

如：I can’t make out what the article says.3)阐述可能不是正确的事情

如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三单元

系动词

系动词是连接主语和说明主语是什么样状态的成分的动词。最常用的系动词是‚to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）‛

如：The information is true and acute.1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系动词。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2．感官动词是系动词，sound，taste，feel，look，smell 如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3．暗指变化的词是系动词：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become 如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.4． 大多数情况下，系动词后面接形容词。但有时也接名词或介词短语。

如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solve the problems it has caused.He became a teacher after graduation from college.The article is about using the Internet to help people or all ages.第四单元

V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被称作分词。分词可以做定语修饰名词，或做时间，原因，结果和方式状语。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容词一样使用

1）v-ing通常表达正在进行的动作，或某事是什么样子。

如：she sat beside the window, watching the falling leaves floating in the air.It was an exciting development.2)v-ed通常表达被动的含义，或指代一个完成的动作，或告诉别人我们对某事的感觉。如：The police found the stolen car.There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground.Many excited wanted to travel on the underground.3）分词短语通常放在它所修饰的名词的后面。

如：The trains going to London stop at the edge of the city.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.2．v-ed和v-ing可以像副词一样使用。1）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示原因。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a

taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示时间。如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3）v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示条件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注：v-ing也可以表达紧随主句动作之后的动作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3．v-ing有被动和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示进行时态的被动态。

如：The underground system being built in the city will be open next year.2）having+v-ed表示完成时态的主动形式：having been+ v-ed表示完成时态的被动形式。如：Having seen the situation , a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system.Having been developed over many years , the underground system is now able to transport millions of people effectively.4．当v-ed和v-ing被用做状语时，它的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。如：Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.Given enough time, we will see the whole city.5．否定形式：not+v-ing/v-ed 如：Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help.牛津高中英语－模块八

第一单元

否定句

否定句用来改正一个错误的观点。如：Money does not buy happiness.在这句话里，钱能买来幸福的错误观点被改正了。注：否定句有是表达肯定含义。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我们有几种方式来表达否定含义。最常用的否定词有：no，not，never，和neither。

1．助动词+not 在最简单的否定句里，not或n’t放在助动词后表否定。

如：They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2．Not和其它词连用

1）当把not放在一个前面加上否定前缀（如：un-dis-in-）的单词的时候，意思就变成肯定的了。但这种肯定没有直接的肯定句强烈。

如：It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper.(It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.)2）当not放在表示时间，距离，数量的短语前时，则起到了强调否定含义的作用。如：Not many people heard the speech.(Very few people heard the speech.)3．If-从句中额外的否定含义

有时候，我们把否定的表达放在whether和if的后面来表达对一种情况的怀疑。这种表达更加随意而且常被用在英语口语中。

如：I wonder whether /if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella.(I wonder whether /if I should bring an umbrella.)I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon.(I wouldn’t be surprised if they moved soon.注：当表达有关自己的事情时，用I wonder whether/if… ,当表达有关别人的事情时，用I wouldn’t be surprised if… 4．还有许多其它的否定表达。一些常用的有hardly，far from，seldom, unless，free from, 和would rather…than。

如：Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.The classic are far from disappearing.Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.The fortune sets him free from financial worries.Joe would rather die than se any harm come to Pip.第二单元

省略

当我们不想重复含义比较明显的单词或短语时，我们就用省略。省略是使句子简明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于

1）祈使句中，主语常被省略。

如：(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句，省略助动词后面的单词。如：‚Did you enjoy the opera?‛ ‚Yes, I did(enjoy it).‛ 3)动词不定式短语中，省略to后的内容。

如：Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break

his promise.4）非正式英语中，省略句中的某些单词。如：(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5）hence后

如：Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介词或than之后。

如：Mum: Could you water the plants for me? Son: What about(watering them)after I finish my homework? The opera house now looks better than(it did)when I visited it last year.7)同一个句型和同一个动词后的两个从句中。

如：Puccini wrote Turandot and(he also wrote)Madam Butterfly.The actor was born in 1961, and his wife(was born)in 1964.2．为了节省空间和时间，一些单词被省略，包括： 1）标志和标签

如：No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)报纸标题

如：Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)说明

如：Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4）明信片和日记

如：Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)笔记

如：Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)

第三单元

倒装

倒装就是改变句子中单词的顺序。当我们用倒装的时候，我们把谓语提到主语的前面，因此我们强调的是谓语而不是主语。倒装用于以下情况。1．最常见的倒装的形式出现在问句里

如：Did you go to visit the Louvre? What do you know about van Gogh? 2．在以下情况下，我们把助动词放在主语的前面 1）以否定词或短语开头的句子，如：neither, nor, never, not, at no time, seldom, hardly 如：He did not like the painting.Neither did I.Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.Never in my life have I seen such wonderful pictures.Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.At no time during the tour was I bored.Seldom does he paint now.32

Hardly had I got to Amsterdam when it began to snow.2）以so和only开头的句子

如：Li Ming enjoyed the museum.So did his grandmother and aunt.So crowded was the art gallery that I could hardly move about.Only on such a trip can you learn as much about European artists.注：当only修饰主语时，不需倒装。

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情况，主语放在动词的后面 1）句子是直接引语或部分是直接引语。

如： ‚I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,‛ said my aunt.‚This, ‚said the artist ‚is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.‛

2)主语太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on 等开头的句子。

如：Look!Here comes the bus.The door opened and in came Mr.Smith, the artist.Out rushed the children.Down came the water from the top of the mountain.注：当主语是代词时，不需要倒装。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4）在正式的非真实条件句中，我们把should, were，had to 放在句子的开头。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四单元

强调句

当我们需要用英语表达自己观点的时候，我们必须要考虑的不止是词汇和发音。我们选择强调的单词和句子成分能改变我们想要传达的含义。

1．强调句可以借助某些单词来表达，如：so，such，really，和just。如：Everyone was so excited about her speech.It was such an interesting television show.I really want to see it again.Actually, the festival in Venice doesn’t just feature Hollywood films.2．如果强调的不是动词，而是句子某一成分，我们可以用以下句型‚ It + be+强调部分+that从句。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.33

1)上述句型可以用来强调主语，宾语或状语。

如：Robert Redford took over the festival in 1981.强调主语：It was Robert Redford that/who took over the festival in 1981.强调宾语：It was the festival that Robert Redford took over in 1981.强调状语：It was in 1981 that Robert Redford took over the festival.2)当强调的主语是代词时，代词通常要用宾格。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注：当强调的是人时，引导词用that或who。3)强调结构还可以用语问句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened? 4）我们用 ‚It was not until…that…‛结构来强调时间短语。

如：It was not until I spoke to Kathy that I knew how special the Sundance Film Festival was.3．如果我们想强调一般现在时态和一般过去时态中的肯定句中的动词，我们可以在动词前加助动词do或did。

如：Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.We did want to have a festival that was fair.Do tell us a little about the festival you represent.牛津高中英语－模块九

第一单元

从句的概要

当许多观点被融合在一个句子里时，其中某些观点比另一些要更重要，这个时候，我们用从句来表达不太重要的观点。从句包括状语从句，名词性从句或定语从句。

1．状语从句可以表达时间，地点，方式，比较，条件，原因，目的或结果。它们由隐含这些意思的引导词来引导，如：when, where, how , although, if, since, because, in order that, so that.如：Because the population of Quebec is still over 70 per cent French, Montreal has wonderful mix of Old World and New World architecture and culture.2．名词性从句在句中充当名词的作用，可以做主语，宾语或表语。可以由that，或疑问词（what, which, whose, when, how, why, where, who）或if/whether来引导。当名词性从句作宾语的时候，that常省略，尤其是在口语和非正式的书面语中。

如：Montreal has colorful nightlife to ensure(that)no visitor is ever bored.当我们用名词性从句来陈述问句时，句子的顺序是陈述句的语序而不是问句的语序。

如：I do not know when she will travel.(NOT I do not know when will she travel.)3．定语从句就像形容词—它们为某物提供更多的信息。定语从句由关系代词（which, that, who, whom, whose）和关系副词（where, why, why）来引导。定语从句有两种，限定性和非限定性。

1）限定性定语从句所提供的信息用来定义所修饰的物或人。在关系代词或副词之前没有逗号。

如：For those who love outdoor activities, it is possible to hike, sail, cross-country ski or travel for hours-or even days—without meeting another person.2)关系代词可以用来替换who和which。

如：It is good to learn about the cultures of people who/that come from other countries.3）如果关系代词做定语从句中的宾语时，关系代词通常被省略，在英语口语中由为如此。

如：The maple leaf is the pattern(that)you can see on the Canadian flag.4)非限定性定语从句用来提供额外的信息，它可以被省略而不会影响句子的语法结构，而且要放在逗号的后面。

如：Located in the heart of Toronto is the Canadian National Tower, which is often called the CN Tower for short.第二单元

分词从句

像分词一样，分词从句在句中也可以当作形容词或副词使用。现在分词和过去分词都可以构成分词从句。

1．分词从句可以作： 1）定语

如：The artist supervising the building of the Parthenon was the famous sculptor Pheidias.2)状语

如：Built of marble, the monument has lasted hundreds of years.大多数情况下，分词从句的主语就是句子的主语。否则的话，分词从句有自己的主语。

如：Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.有时候主语可以是不同的。只有当没有误解的时候，主语才可以是不一致。

如：Knowing how badly the restoration work had been done, the unsafe structures did not surprise them.3)补语

如：I saw the Temple of Nike standing there on the hill.2．可以把现在分词或过去分词放在连词的后面，如：when, while, once, if, although.如：You will find the Acropolis very beautiful when visiting the city.35

While reading the article, I was thinking of the World Heritage sites in China.Once caught, people who deliberately damage the monument would be fined even imprisoned.If repaired well, the monument could be restored to its former glory.Although being conserved, the Acropolis is still facing serious problems such as deliberate damage and stealing of atones.第三单元

同位语

当两个名词短语一前一后出现在句子中并且指代同一个事物时，这两个短语互为同位语。如：The French flag, the ‚Tricolore‛, was first used in 1789, at the start of the French Revolution.The USA was also born from revolution, and its flag, the ‚Stars and Stripes‛, symbolizes this.1．当同位语提供更多信息时，第二个短语之前和之后有一个逗号。

如：The flag, a simple design of red over white, has a long history that dates

thback to the 13 century.2．当同位语是用来解释第一个名词短语时，同位语的前和后都不需要逗号。

如：The colors red, white and blue used on the flag are a visual reminder of the motto of the Revolution—liberty, equality and fraternity.3．我们有时侯用同位语来强调我们的观点。

如：We love our flag, our unique flag.4．名词后的名词性从句也是一种形式的同位语。

如：The news that France had a successful revolution had a big effect on many other countries, particularly those in Europe.The fact that some countries use the same colors on their flags can mean they share similar beliefs.同位语从句可以把两个句子连在一起。

如：The team has won the game.Everyone in the city is excited by the news.-----Everyone in the city is excited by the news that the team has won the game.5． 可以用在同位语从句前的名词还包括：truth，idea，hope，information 如：Many people are unaware of the truth that the USA was colonized by Britain.The idea the red represents bravery and blood is widely believed.I am reading this book in the hope that I can learn more about national flags.Did he give you the information that the meanings of different flags should be explained in your report?

第四单元

复杂句子的分析

当我们看到复杂句时，我们可能需要对这些句子进行分析以便能更好的理解它们的含义。1．长简单句

每一个长简单句都包含一个主语和一个谓语。在这些句子中，辨别出主语和谓语是非常有用的。主语是这个句子所讲述的的事物，而谓语则告诉我们这个事物是怎么样的，并且谓语通常包含一个动词。

如：Islam was started about 1400 years ago by a man called Muhammad.2．复合句

在复合句中，有两个或以上的从句。这些从句通常由关联词引导的，如：and，or和but，每一个从句都独立成句。

如：There are many idioms used in English and quite a few of them come from the Bible.‚By and by‛ now means ‚before long‛, but in the Bible, it was used to men ‚immediately‛.3．复杂句

复杂句是由一个主句和一个或更多的从句构成。它们由引导词连接，如：because, when, where, If, since, that , unless, whereas, whose, while, although.如：Unless you recognize when an idiom is being used, you can easily misunderstand the meaning of a sentence.There are lots of examples of idioms where animals are used to create an image.The text goes on to say that if salt loses its flavor, then it should be thrown away, meaning that if you are not honest, then you are worth nothing.This has meant that since the Bible was translated into English centuries ago, many Hebrew or Greek idioms have become part of the English language.An idiom is a combination of words, whose meaning often cannot be understood by looking separately at the meanings of the words that make it up.4．复杂复合句

当复合句和复杂句一起出现时，这就是复杂复合句。

如：People who follow this religion study Buddhist sutras and they follow the teachings of Buddha.37

牛津高中英语－模块十

第一单元

连词

连词用于连接句子。如果没有连词，读者就会弄不懂句子的意思。连词帮助读者弄清楚文章当中接下来会发生什么事情。句子间常用的连词有： 1．时间顺序连词显示观点或行为发生的顺序。常见的表达有：firstly, secondly, finally, now, in the end等。如：The programme has several aims: firstly, to help unemployed people find work;secondly, to teach new mothers about nutrition;and thirdly, to help young people develop problem solving skills.Geldof intended the concert to raise money for and public awareness of the famine.In the End, 100$ million was raised.2．原因和结果连词表示做某件事的原因或结果。常用的表达有：for one thing, therefore, so, as a result.等

如：Reporter: Why did you organize the concert? Bob: Well, for one thing, I wanted to raise money for the hungry people.Also, I wanted to raise public awareness of poverty and famine.Very often, people who receive food aid become lazy and do not want a job, so it is possible That the gift of a single meal sometimes causes more harm than good.These people will be given a chance to help themselves instead of being dependent on other people.As a result, they will enjoy a higher standard of living.3．对比连词也是连接句子的重要连词，用于引出与之前观点相对比的观点。常用的有：however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand等

如：Poverty is still killing people.However, these small victories are a good start towards a better future.Many people believe that hunger is only a problem in the developing world.On the contrary, it is a problem all over the world.4． 添加连词用于引出更多的信息。常用的表达有：also, on the top of something, above all, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover等。

如：For example, the disease malaria, which is spread by mosquitoes, kills

over one million children yearly.On top of this, according to the United Nations, hunger and malnutrition claim ten million lives each year.Our organization is working to raise money for the local homeless shelters.Furthermore, we are collecting clothing to give to those in need.第二单元

段落的构成

段落在一篇段落中就像是楼房中的一层，用于在论文，故事或文章中组织信息。在写段落的时候，通常包括以下几个方面： 1． 主题句

1）每个段落都应该含有一个观点。这个观点通常在主题句中表达，并且清晰的阐述这个段落所要传达的信息。

如：Young adults give many different reasons for moving to cities.并不是所有的段落都有主题句，尤其是当一个段落是上一个已经有主题句的段落的延续的时候。

2）主题句通常是一个段落的第一句话。但是，为了吸引读者的注意力，在一篇论文，一个故事，或一篇文章的第一段里，作者会在主题句之后加上一个有趣的事实，一个问句或一段引言。

如：Older Americans are on the move.2．支持句

1）主题句后应该跟着一些句子来解释或证明主题句的正确。

如：For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents.In fact, according to the national Population survey conducted in 2000, Florida was home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older.2)一个段落里的句子应该按一定的顺序列举出来。我们可以用一些过渡连词来连接这些句子。如：for example, for instance, furthermore, first, second, third, on the other hand, however, also.如：Florida is a popular choice for these people because of the climate and the state’s relatively flat landscape.However, as the number of older Americans moving there increases, more Changes are made to cater to them.For example, ambulance response time has decreased, And many houses have bathrooms designed for elderly homeowners, with things like walk-in bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls.3）结束句

一个段落应该以一句话结束，而这句话应以一种新的方式来重述主题，这就是结束句。结束句应该用来表达有关这个话题的最后的观点或引出下一个段落的观点。

如：Across the USA, people are noticing the same thing: young people want to live in cities.第三单元

篇章的构成

一篇文章应该让读者很容易的从一个观点领悟到另一个观点。要想是一篇文章具有逻辑性，应当注意以下几点： 1． 题目

题目不应该太长，但应该清晰并且简单（如： ‘Aids today’）2． 起始段落

1）起始段落应该包含一个主题句，这个主题句常常是段落的第一句话。

如：When discussing the problem of Aids, we use a lot of technical and scientific terms on this websites.有时候主题句后面会跟一句话来起到吸引注意力的作用。

有些情况，起始段落根本不需要主题句。例如，在一个解释一系列事件的段落中，主题就是有关这些事件的细节，因此不再需要主题句。

2）像其它段落一样，起始段落里的主题句之后也应该跟随一些支持句。

3）起始段落应该吸引读者的注意力并且让读者有兴趣继续读下去。我们可以加入一些有趣的事实，问题或给出一些细节来达到目的。

如：In an African village, eleven-year-old Ajani hears a far-off scream as he washes his little sister In a bath that leaks water.3．中间段落 1）主题句

主题句通常是段落的第一句话，并且包含段落的主旨大义。主题句应该简单，明了，易于读者领会它的含义。2)支持句

支持句应该跟在主题句的后面，并要用细节和证据来证明主题句。它对主题句所阐述的观点进行延伸和扩展。3）结束句

一个段落的最后一句往往引出下一个段落的观点。4．结束段落

结束段落里应该给出一个最终的观点（或许是一个预言），或它可以继续阐述其始段落里给出的句子。

第四单元

语言的风格

英语中有许多不同的语言风格。语言风格是由所运用的场合决定的。风格最重要的不同在于英语口语和书面语。在口语和书面语中，又有正式和非正式的不同。

正式 非正式

书面语 论文 给朋友或家人的信

报告 邮件

申请信 消息

跟熟悉的人谈话 口语 正式的演讲（家人和朋友）

跟陌生人谈话 1．正式的风格

1）我们经常用复杂结构的句子，包括被动语态和从属句。

如：Ordinary citizens are aware of the frequent computer-related crimes that happen since many computer users are affected by computer viruses.2)我们经常用抽象名词。

如：There has been an increase in the incidence of crime.2．非正式风格

1）我们经常用简单句。

如：People are worried about computer viruses.2)我们经常用主动语态。

如：You should go to the university and talk to the detective in charge of campus police about the theft.3）我们也会用许多口语，而且句子里有缩写。

牛津英语高中英语语法 第6篇

一、重点句型：

3A

1.Hi /Hello /Good moring.2.Goodbye./See you.3.How are you? Fine, thanks.4.What’s your name? I’m Danny.5.Clean the blackboard, please.Thank you.6.Is it a book? Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.7.This is a butterfly.That is a tree.8.What’s this/ that? It’s a bee.9.Is this/ that a classroom? Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.10.I’m a girl.I’m nine.I’m tall.11.Who’s he/she? He/She’s…

12.A cake, Ben? Yes, please./ No, thank you.13.Eight ice-creams, please.Here you are.14.What shape is it? It’s a triangle.15.What colour is the mountain/ are the clouds? It’s/ They’re…

16.What are they? They’re pigs.17.How many Cokes? Three Cokes.18.It has a head and body.3B

1.What can you see/ hear? I can see/ hear a/ an…

2.What’s that noise? It’s a lorry.3.Touch this.How does it feel? It’s hard.4.Taste this.What is it? It’s sour.It’s a lemon.5.I like monkeys.I don’t like snakes.6.Do you like pandas? Yes, I do./ No, I don’t.7.How old are you? I am nine.8.How old is Ben/ Alice? He’s/ She’s…

9.What’s his/ her name? His/ Her name is…

10.I have two new friends.Ben has a dog.11.She has a red and white dress.12.What season is it? It’s summer.13.It’s warm.It’s not cold.4A

1.This is our classmate.His/Her name’s…

2.She can fly.But she can’t cook.3.What can you do? I can fly an aeroplane.4.Can you draw? Yes, I can./ No, I can’t.5.Can he/ she dive? Yes, he/ she can./ No, he/she can’t.6.What do you do? I’m a teacher.7.What does your father/ mother do? He’s/ She’s a/ an…

8.Happy birthday!Thank you.9.You can call me Alice.10.My face is round.My eyes are big.11.Are you hungry? Yes, I am./ No, I’m not.12.I have a new bicycle.I’m happy.13.Nice to meet you.14.Ben likes dogs.But he doesn’t like cats.15.Whose ball is this? It’s Ben’s ball.16.Whose pens are these? They’re Betty’s pens.17.How much is it? It’s six yuan.18.What have you got? I’ve got some bread and some milk.19.Where are the birds? They’re in the aviary.20.Don’t feed the birds.21.Here’s some hay.22.What do hens like? They like corn.23.Its stalk is long.Its leaves are green.24.Has it got s big trunk? Yes, it has./ No.it hasn’t.25.I’m sorry.That’s all right.4B

1.These/ Those crayons are old.2.What time is it? It’s seven o’clock.3.What’s the weather like in January? In January, it’s cloudy, windy and cold.4.There are four seasons in a year.5.How many balls are there? There is one ball.6.Have you got a pet? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.7.What’s its name? Its name’s Peter.8.What are you doing? I’m reading.9.Put the tail on the donkey.10.I live in Shanghai.11.The bench is between the table and the tree.5A

1.Look!The traffic light’s red.Stop!

2.Can I go out? Yes, you can./ No, you can’t.3.What do you want? I want some glue.4.What do you need for school? I need a new uniform.5.Let’s make a cake.6.What time do you go to school? I go to school at seven o’clock.7.Ben does his homework at half past seven.8.What do you like? What don’t you like? I like cabbage, but I don’t like carrots.9.How are you today? I’m sick today.10.Is Danny hungry or thirsty? He’s thirsty.11.Which bicycle do you like? I like the grey one.12.When’s your birthday? My birthday’s on the tenth of September.13.How do you go to school? I walk to school.14.Does Ben walk to school? Yes, he does./ No, he doesn’t.15.How do you spell that in English? C-O-C-O-O-N, cocoon.16.The Li River is in Guilin.Sanya is on Hainan Island.5B

1.Have you got any bananas? Yes, I’ve got some bananas.2.Do you want both biscuits? No, I want the big/ small one./ Yes, I want both.3.Give me a hammer, please.4.Thank you.You’re welcome.5.Whose book is this? It’s mine.6.I listen and hear with my ears.7.Are they the same or different? They are the same/ different.8.How much hay do the elephants eat? They eat 50 kilos of hay.9.Excuse me.Where are the tigers? Go down the steps.Walk along Zoo Road.The tigers are on the left.10.Which doll do you like? I like all the dolls.11.What colour are the pandas? Both/ All the pandas are black and white.12.The picture was beside the window.Where is it now? It’s beside the mirror now.13.Ben went to the park.14.Ben and Kitty were at home.15.Did you like the loud music? Yes, I did./ No, I didn’t.16.What time is it? It’s five past/ to five.6A

1.What do you do with your aunt? I always/ usually/ sometimes play game with my aunt.2.She is never naughty.3.They like to play together.4.Have you been to Ocean Park yet? Yes, I have just/ already been there.5.Where are we going to come back? We are going to come back at six o’clock.6.I will arrive at two o’clock.7.Would you like to be a policeman? Yes, I would./ No, I wouldn’t.8.What would you like to be? I’d like to be a postman.9.How long does it take you to get there? It takes me about half an hour.10.What does this sign mean? We must listen to our teacher.11.Shall we buy some oranges? Yes, I like/ No, I don’t like oranges.12.What would you like? I’d like some bread.13.Would you like some chicken wings? Yes, please./ No, thanks.14.May I have some pears, please? OK.Here you are.15.Your diet is healthier than / as healthy as my diet.6B

1.How far is it from Shanghai to Beijing? It’s about 1,400 kilometres.2.Many tourists like/ love/ enjoy eating spicy food.3.I’d rather have a piece of pizza.4.I like salty rice dumplings with/ without meat.5.What’s your favourite indoor/ indoor activity? I like doing puzzles at home/ playing football in the

playground.6.What should I do? You should watch less television/ wear more clothes.7.What will Jim possibly be in 15 years’ time? She will possibly be a singer.8.I’m good/ poor at Chinese.二、主要时态

1.一般现在时

1）be动词与人称的搭配：我是am，你是are，is跟着他她它，are也跟着我们，你们和他们。

2）have, has与人称的搭配：三单人称（he, she, it）用has表示“有”，其他人称（I, you, we, they）用have

表示“有”。

3）likes, doesn’t like/ like, don’t like与人称的搭配：三单人称用likes表示“喜欢”，用doesn’t like表示“不

喜欢”；其他人称用like表示“喜欢”，用don’t like表示“不喜欢”。

4）三单人称后面的动词要变形：go-goes, do-does, watch-watches, get-gets, want-wants, 等。

5）always(总是)，usually（通常），sometimes（有时），never（从不）与一般现在时连用。

6）常见的一般疑问句及回答：

a.Are you…? Yes, I am./ No, I’m not.b.Is he/ she/ it…? Yes, he/ she/ it is.No, he/ she/ it isn’t.c.Do you…? Yes, I do./No, I don’t.d.Does he/ she/ it…? Yes, he/ she/ it does.No, he/ she/ it doesn’t.e.Can you/ he/ she/ it…? Yes, I/ he/ she/ it can.No, I/ he/ she/ it can’t.f.Have you got…? Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.g.Has he/ she/ it…? Yes, he/ she/ it has.No, he/ she/ it hasn’t.2.一般将来时 结构：be going to+动词原形/ will+动词原形

3.现在进行时

1）结构:be doing

2）信号词：look, listen, now.3）doing变化形式：

a.规则变化：read-reading, eat-eating.b.去e+ing：write-writing，shake-shaking，chase-chasing.c.双写末尾字母+ing：run-running, swim-swimming, put-putting, sit-sitting.4.一般过去时

1）be动词的过去式：am, is过去式是was, are过去式是were.2）常用动词的过去式：

a.规则变化：play-played, watch-watched.b.不规则变化：go-went, come-came, eat-ate, do-did, have/ has-had, build-built, put-put

三、疑问词的用法

1.what“什么”，表示询问物品或做的事情。

2.who“谁”，表示询问人物。

3.whose“谁的”，表示询问物品的主人。

4.where“哪里”，表示询问地点方位。

5.when/ what time“什么时候”，表示询问时间和日期。

6.which“哪一个”，与物品连用。

7.what colour“什么颜色”，表示询问物品颜色。

8.what shape“什么形状”，表示询问物品形状。

9.how“怎样”，表示询问出行方式。

10.how old“多大了”，表示询问年龄。

11.how many+复数名词，“多少”，表示询问可数名词的数量。

12.how much：①“多少元”，表示询问物品价钱；②how much+不可数名词，表示询问不可数名词的数