Cognitive Maps in Animals

Cognitive Maps in AnimalsA central hypothesis of animal cognition is that many animals make use ofcognitive maps— internal representations or codes—of the spatialrelationships among objects in their surroundings. In a broad sense, mostanimals that migrate probably have some internal map of the way externalobjects are arranged.The most extensive studies of cognitive maps have been made foranimals exhibit seasonal migration, the regular back-and-forth movement ofanimals between two geographic areas at particular times of the year.[▇]Seasonal migration enables many species to access rich food resourcesthroughout the year and to breed or winter in areas that favor survival. [▇]Onelong-distance traveler is the gray whale. [▇]During summer, these giantaquatic mammals feast on small, bottom-dwelling invertebrates that abound innorthern oceans. [▇]In the autumn, they leave their northern feeding groundsand begin a long trip south along the North American coastline. Arriving inwarm, shallow lagoons off Baja California (Mexico) in the winter months, theybreed, and pregnant females give birth to young before migrating back north.The yearly round-trip, some 20,000 kilometers, is the longest for any mammal.The word “exhibit” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.displayB.preferC.initiateD.enjoyParagraph 2 mentions all of the following as reasons that animals engage inseasonal migrations EXCEPTA.to have access to rich food resources throughout the yearB.to spend the winter months in more favorable locationsC.to escape from other animals that feast on themD.to reproduce in areas that make the survival of their young possibleLook at the four squares [▇]that indicate where the following sentence couldbe added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?For a variety of animals, there are two clear purposes for this behavior.Among insects, the monarch butterfly has one of the most remarkableseasonal migrations. During winter, these insects decorate certain trees at thewestern tip of Cuba, in a few mountain valleys of central Mexico, and at a fewsites along the California coast. All monarchs alive at the end of summer flysouth to reach their wintering sites. With the onset of spring, monarchs mate atthe wintering sites and begin migrating northward. As they arrive at summerdestinations, they lay eggs and then die. Two or more generations areproduced during the summer, repopulating the United States and southernCanada. With the approach of fall, the summer’s last generation of monarchsflies south to the wintering grounds. They migrate as far as 4,000 kilometersand end up at a specific site, although they have not flown the route before.According to paragraph 3, what is remarkable about the monarch butterfly’sseasonal migrations?A.The ability of monarchs born 4,000 kilometers away from the species’wintering sites to migrate to those sitesB.T...