中英英文小说简介范文
中英英文小说简介范文第1篇
深圳大地创想建筑景观规划设计有限公司,简称大地创想(ReasonableFantasyDesign Group)是极具发展潜力、创新意识的品牌设计机构,由国内最具创意和进取精神的资深设计师组成,公司创始人具有海外从业的背景和国内一流设计院管理经验。提供建筑、景观、规划设计从方案到施工图等全套工程设计咨询服务。公司现有签约设计师和建筑师、景观设计师、城市规划师、结构工程师、机电工程等各类高级专业技术人才,在景园、建筑方向有自己的独到产品和技术,强调设计的原创性和先进性;并有能力提供整个设计产业链的全方位服务,旨在整合本土设计师的力量,所有业内流行的先进设计理念在这里都能以您能理解的方式表达、实践直至获得最终的检验
Shenzhen Reasonable Fantasy Architecture & Landscape Design and plan Company Limited, which is referred to as Reasonable Fantasy Design Group, is a brand design agency with great potential for development and innovation consciousness. It is composed of creative senior designers with pioneering spirit. The founder of the company has the background of overseas employment and the experience of managing domestic first-class design institute. The company provides architectural, landscape and planning design from concept design to construction drawings with full set of engineering design consultation service. It now has designers and architects, landscape architects, city planners, structural engineers, mechanical and electrical engineering and other types of senior professional designers. We have our own unique products and technologies in the field of landscape and architecture with the emphases on the design originality and advanced technology; It has the capability to provide full range of design services, and it aims to combine local designers and advanced design concepts to represent to you in the way which is easy to understand and practice until the final inspection
核心理念:人本自然,时鉴真知 Core Concept: “Human Basing on Nature, Practice Telling the Truth”
首先,关于“人本自然”
含义1:以人为本的自然环境评价标准,并不是所有原生的自然环境都是适合人类生存的,对其进行符合人本需求的恰当改造是人类天赋的生存权利,不应被自然原教旨主义的狭隘观点所剥夺。
含义2:人类对生存环境的改造要本着自然的规律,不能焚林而猎,涸泽而渔,不然的话,必然适得其反,不但不能改善人类的生存环境,反而可能招致灾难性的后果,从而走向“人本”的反面。
含义3:人本身就是自然的一部分,浑然一体,将人与自然割裂开来并不不符合这个世界的真相。“人本自然”就是要把人归入自然,然后作为一个高度统一的系统来研究。
First of all, “Human Basing on Nature”
Definition 1:it is standard evaluation of people-oriented natural environment. Not all the original natural environment is suitable for human survival, and the appropriate transformation of the human demand is the survival rights of human, and it shall not be deprived by the narrow view of naturalism.
Definition 2: Transformation of the human living environment should be adapted to the laws of nature. It should not seek short-term interests; otherwise it will run against our desire. With that situation it not only reduces the human living environment, but also leads to disastrous consequences and goes to the opposite of "Human Basing on Nature".
Definition 3: Human is part of nature and all contribute to one integrated whole. The separation between human and nature goes against the truth of the world. "Human Basing on Nature" means to bring people into the nature andis treated as a highly unified system to study.其次,关于“时鉴真知”
含义1:我们的创新是有明确的时间观念的,所谓新旧本身就是一个相对时间的概念,因此在恰当的历史条件下提出符合历史要求的想法或创意是我们创作的目标,因此我们绝不会因循守旧,也不会天马行空。
含义2:任何我们提出的想法或实践的事业都是要接受时间检验的,我们有勇气也有信心面对这样的检验,因为我们总是在做之前就给自己的时钟上好了弦。
Secondly, Practice Telling the Truth
Definition 1: Our innovation has a clear concept of time, and the so-called “new and old” itself is a relative concept of time. Therefore,our goal is to propose thoughts or ideas that could meet the requirements of the history in the appropriate historical conditions. Thus we will neither follow the beaten track or image without basing the reality. Definition 2: Any idea or practice should be tested by time. and we have the courage and confidence in the face of such a test, because we always do good preparation before doing works.
远景展望:“大地创想”既有着用新的想法,新的架构挑战传统设计模式的宏伟想法,也有着实现这一想法的具体措施和手段,其中比较有代表性的是我们提出并正在努力实践的全过程数字化三维设计的技术手段,以及设计价值绑定最终实施结果的商业化运作试点。总而言之“大地创想”是个不乏理想,不逊能力,不缺勇气,不少业绩的设计者大联盟,现在需要的是信任并欣赏我们的人让我们踏上 “设计大满贯”的第一站.
Vision: " Reasonable Fantasy Design Group " has not only new ideas, new thought to challenge the traditional design pattern, but also the specific measures and means to implement these ideas. The more representative one is the digital three-dimensional design technological means that we propose and try to practice in the whole process and the commercial pilot in final implementation with design value. In a word, Reasonable Fantasy Design Group is a union full of ability, courage and performance. Now what we need are those who trust us, admire us and give us the chance to show our design ability.
强项和优势:
1)擅长从生态特征、人文视角、建筑与景观一体化考虑等角度对项目进行整体定位研究。全方位整体的规划研究并又落到实处、梳理和整合现有资源,理顺发展与生态环境保护的相互关系
2)擅长将城市设计的方法全程介入规划设计全过程,利用规划的延续性,将地块形象与特色的塑造与整个设计过程紧密联系,将良好的三维形态控制与用地功能配置结合在一起,形成一个极具吸引力的而又可持续的独特形象。
3)擅长将景观规划和地区发展策略、以及对环境进行有效的评估结合在一起,使本区域有更加美好
的前景和更具吸引力的景观。通过加强景观规划占很重要、甚至的龙头的地位来增强项目整体良好呈现的可实施性。
Strengths:
1) We are good at studying the overall target of the project from the ecological characteristics, humanistic perspective and the view of the architecture integrated with landscape. We are good at comprehensively planning and studying, then implementing into practical works; we are also good at rationalizing the relationship between development and protection for ecological environment through integrating with existing resources.2) We are good at putting the method of city design into the whole design process. By using continuity of planning, we will link the block’s image and characteristics with whole design process and integrate 3D massing control with the configuration of land use, and finally it will form a very attractive and sustainable unique image.
中英英文小说简介范文第2篇
The campuses’ libraries possess a collection of over XX million volumes of books. The apparatuses and equipments are valued at around 19 million yuan RMB. The teaching faculty is more than XXX and total enrollment is XXX . Following the motto “In education, truth could not be obtained without practice; the subtleness of matters could not be approached without experiment”, XXX has forged a tradition of running school of the combinations of teaching, research with social services.
Since 1989,XX national awards and XXX provincial awards have been won for its excellent achievements in teaching and research. The quantity and grade of scientific and technological awards have been ranking first among the provincial universities for ten years in a row. XXX is also ranked among the top 10 universities of China for decades.
XXX is one of the oldest higher educational institutions in China, and one of the key universities of the province.
Since 1989, XX national awards and XXX provincial awards have been won for its excellent achievements in teaching.
Cross-disciplinary programs cover the field of agriculture, industry, basic sciences, economics, management, literature, law and iatrology.
Located in XX , one hour to XXX by train, two-hour’s trip to XXX International Airport .
中英英文小说简介范文第3篇
联想控股行使定方向、选人才、配资源、监督考核的职能,为各专业子公司提供资金、品牌、管理、文化等方面的有力支持,推动子公司成为所在行业的领先企业。
经过二十年努力,公司走出了一条有中国特色的高科技产业化道路;成功实施了国有股份制改造,建立起现代企业制度;立足中国本土市场,在和国外企业竞争中初战告捷,促进了民族IT产业的发展;学习西方成功企业的管理经验,结合中国实际,提炼出具有联想特色的企业管理理念,并成为核心竞争力。
中英英文小说简介范文第4篇
1、开头部分。包括称呼与引言。称呼一般是姓加职衔或官衔。大部分既有职衔又有官衔,一般以其高者尊者称呼。例如,当 招聘 者既是博士、副教授又是人事处处长时,那么此时称博士也许效果好些。因为人事处处长中是博士的非常少,且一般人称处长多,而你称其为博士既有新鲜感又表明你对他了解。无意之中,他对你的印象就更深些。
2、主体部分。是 求职信 的重点,要简洁而有针对性地概述自己 简历 的内容。要突出自己的长处和优势,使对方觉得你的各方面情况与 招聘 条件相一致,与有关职位要求、特点相吻合。
3、结语部分。要令人回味而记忆深刻。要把你想得到工作的迫切心情表达出来,请用人单位能尽快答复你,以恰当恳切的方式请求安排面谈。内容要具体简明,语气要热情,诚恳,有礼貌,别忘了向对方表示感谢。
中英文求职信结束语
以下是常见的中英文求职信结束语范文,供参考。
1. I should be glad to have a personal interview and can furnish references if desired.如获 面试 ,则感幸甚,如需保证人,本人也可提出。
2. I solicit the favor of an interview, and assure you that if appointed, I will do my best to give you satisfaction.
恳请惠予 面试 之荣。如蒙录用,本人必竭尽所能,为贵公司服务,以符厚望。
3. If you desire and interview, I shall be most happy to call in person, on any day and at any time you may appoint.
如贵公司有意 面试 ,本人一定遵照所指定的时日、前往拜访。
4. Should you think favorably of my application, kindly grant me an interview.
如对本人之应征优先考虑,恳请准予面试。
5. Should you think favorably of my application, I would like to have an interview.
如对本人之应征优先考虑,恳请惠予面试之机会。
6. I hope that you will be kind enough to consider my application favorably.
恳请惠予考虑本人之申请为盼。
7. I trust that you will give this appliation your favorable consideration.
本人相信,贵公司会将本人的申请给予考虑。
8. Should you give me a trial, I will do my utmost to afford you every satisfaction.
如有试用的机会,本人必尽力而为,以满足贵公司的要求。
9. Should this application meet with your favorable consideration, I will do my utmost to justify the confidence you may repose in me
对此申请,贵公司如惠予考虑,本人将尽最大的忠诚与努力。
10. I assure you that if my application be successful, I will do my very best to please you.
假如应征成功,而能在贵公司服务,本人保证将尽所能为贵服务。
11. Should you entertain my application favorably, I would spare no trouble to acquit myself to your satisfaction.
假如应征获得青睐而进入贵公司服务,本人必以排除万难之决心,为贵公司工作,以符厚望。
12. I wish to assure you that, if successful, I would endeavor to give you every satisfaction.
中英英文小说简介范文第5篇
洋酒其实指的就是外国输入中国的酒。目前习惯把洋酒分为六大类:即白兰地、威士忌、龙舌兰、伏特加、朗姆酒和金酒;而低度酒则有葡萄酒和各色果酒等。
白兰地(Brandy)
最早起源于法国,是对葡萄酒的再次蒸馏而成的葡萄酒。白兰地的生产遍及世界各地,但品质最好的葡萄白兰地,当首推干邑(Cognac)。白兰地在装瓶出售时,用以下几种符号来表示贮藏年代:★表示3年陈;★★表示4年陈;V.O表示10-12年陈;V.S.O表示12-20年陈;V.S.O.P表示20-30年陈;X.O表示50年陈。
威士忌(Whisky)
属蒸馏酒。品种有两个:一种是大麦威士忌,如格兰威特;另一种是混合威士忌,如芝华士。威士忌是酒精度在38%-48%(V/V)的蒸馏酒,最高浓度可达70%(V/V)。通常不在进餐时饮用,多在闲暇时品味。
朗姆(Rum)
朗姆酒是否陈年并不重要,主要是看产地。它分为清淡型和浓烈型两种风格。清淡型朗姆酒呈浅黄到金黄色,主要产自波多黎哥和古巴;浓烈型朗姆酒呈金黄色,以牙买加出产的为代表。
伏特加(Vodka)
起源于俄罗斯,采用小麦、玉米、马铃薯等谷物蒸馏制成。伏特加外观清澈如水,骨子里却如火药般后劲十足。它不会因“陈年”变得更加香醇而增值,因为它几近纯酒精。
龙舌兰(Tequila)
产自墨西哥,又被称为墨西哥的灵魂。它有一句著名的广告词:生活是苦涩的,而您的龙舌兰却不是。龙舌兰的酒精度在50%(V/V)左右,属于二次蒸馏酒。著名的品牌有乌鸦龙舌兰。
金酒(Gin)
产自荷兰,酒精度在35-48%(V/V)。它不仅具有利尿和麻醉的作用,同时具有兴奋的作用。金酒通常分为荷兰式金酒和英国式金酒两大类。
葡萄酒(Wine)
葡萄酒通常分为静止葡萄酒、气泡葡萄酒、加强葡萄酒和开胃葡萄酒四大类。静止葡萄酒就是我们常见的红、白葡萄酒,简称红酒和白酒。在佐餐时,一般来说,红肉(如牛肉、猪肉等)配红酒,白肉(如鱼、鸡等)配白酒。
果酒(FruitWine)
以水果为原料经过发酵制成的酒。常见的制酒水果除葡萄外,还有苹果、樱桃、梅、李、桃、橘、山楂、草莓、石榴、猕猴桃等,从广义上说,任何利用水果发酵制成的酒皆可称为果酒。
白兰地喝法(Brandy) 1: 掺雪碧。通常的喝法。俺按照1:0.8的比例掺好后,蒙上杯子用力一拍。 “啪”的一声后,雪碧的泡泡出来了,趁泡泡没下去前一口喝完,然后在喉咙和胃里感受酒精和气泡在挥发时的混合冲击,此乃一。
2:掺冰红茶。酒吧里比较常见的喝法是掺绿茶。喝法和前一种差不多。没气泡也可以蒙上拍一下,感受下气氛。感觉茶的味道和酒精的味道挺完美地掺和在一起了。不过这种喝法很伤胃的,建议不要多喝。
3:掺橙汁。这种喝法似乎比较失败。味道怪怪的,两种味道根本不融合。劝同志们就别试验了。
4:青柠脉动。这种喝法一般,没有雪碧泡泡来冲击喉咙的那种快感。
5:星阁苏打水。这种喝法很怪,但是老外很爱喝,我是受不了这种味道。
6:可口可乐。这种喝法和雪碧差不多,看大家的口味了。
7:加冰。当然前面的都加冰块了,这次只是纯加冰块,白兰地+冰块,一小杯进去从喉咙到胃都辣完去,真是受不了这种烈酒。
8:加啤酒。没敢喝到,喝到第7种就开始晕了,现在再一闻到这股啤酒+白兰地的味就更晕了,所以这种喝法留给大家去试吧。
朗姆酒6种清凉饮法 1: 加冰饮法
给朗姆酒加冰:类似于瑞士人喝苦艾酒时加冰。一般自制的冰块不纯净,所以质地软,很快就融化了。所以要用真正的纯净水冰块、或者制冰公司的冰块,要像拳头般大小。将70度以上的烈性朗姆酒,沿着杯壁缓缓倒入加冰的酒杯,再慢慢品尝。这样不仅透凉,还能喝朗姆酒从纯烈酒到"水割"的不同滋味。
2: 苏打水饮法:这是一种针对清淡型朗姆酒的饮用方法,40%左右的朗姆酒适合这种饮法。将朗姆酒与苏打水按照一对二的比例混合,再挤入一点鲜柠檬汁(不加也行),朗姆酒的酒体变得柔软,有点像陈年的啤酒,柔和复杂。看球赛的时候甚至能取代啤酒。
3:可乐饮法:这是墨西哥流行的喝法,沿着杯壁,往有冰块的朗姆酒中轻轻倒入可口可乐,然后缓缓摇动杯子,倒入一点橙汁,就制造出酸甜冰凉的新饮料。之所以不将可乐直接注到冰块上,是避免碳酸汽一下子消逝了,使口感变硬。
4:椰汁饮法:加勒比人最喜欢用椰子配朗姆酒,将白朗姆酒和冰的新鲜椰汁用一比三的比例混合,就成了树上结出的椰子酒,口感冰凉、清淡、柔和。将椰子肉切成小块,用白葡萄酒、葡萄醋、酸橙汁、盐腌一下做成小食,最适合搭配椰汁朗姆酒。
5:急冻橙汁饮法:这是伏特加喝法的南美版本。将清淡型、40%酒精度的朗姆酒放进冰箱冷冻层,直到48小时以后再取出,这是朗姆酒成了冰液粘稠状,按 一比一倒入鲜榨的橙汁,一口喝下肚子,从喉咙到胃会划过一道滋味丰富的冰线。
6:冰激凌饮法:吃冰激凌的时候滴几滴(不能太多)清淡型的白朗姆酒,能给冰激凌带来一些木香味和野蜂蜜香味,吃起来滋味更丰富。
伏特加喝法Vodka 1:Balalaika:将Vodka倒入一个调酒的量杯中,然后倒进半杯柠檬汁并加入足够的冰块,使劲摇晃并过滤后倒入鸡尾酒杯中。
2:Barbara:将半杯Vodka倒入一个调酒的量杯中,然后倒进半杯奶油可可和纯奶油,加入冰块,使劲摇晃并过滤后倒入鸡尾酒杯中。这是基于Vodka的一种最常见的鸡尾酒,又称作Alexanda。
3:Katinka:将Vodka倒入一个调酒的量杯中,然后倒进少量杏汁白兰地和半杯冰鲜酸橙,使劲摇晃后,倒入加满银色冰块的鸡尾酒杯中。
4: Vodakatini:基本上说这是一款经典的马提尼酒,不同的是用Vodka取代了杜松子酒。
5: Czarina:将Vodka和半杯杏汁白兰地、干味美思以及掺合了少量安古斯特拉的冰块倒入一个罐中搅拌,过滤后倒入鸡尾酒杯中。
6: 伏特加+橙汁:这是一种最为流行的喝法,本来伏特加这东西总让人联想起一片苍凉的西伯利亚,《苏州河》里男女主人公也一直在喝一种有一根野牛草泡在里面的伏特加。
龙舌兰喝法Tequila 1:龙舌兰酒+柠檬+盐:其实这是龙舌兰最正统的喝法,之所以入选是因为喝起来感觉很江湖。记得看《生于七月四日》时,墨西哥还有一款龙舌兰酒,每杯里都泡了一条虫子,人们一口把酒吞下,再狠狠地将虫子吐出了,酷毙了。 2:龙舌兰酒+冰:几口酒后,有一种爆炸发生身体里,感觉很奇特。
3:龙舌兰酒+雪碧Tequila Bomb:透明的龙舌兰酒兑上透明的汽水,一比二,盖
上杯口,在桌上用力一敲,香甜的酒气随着透明的气泡奔涌,是见过的最欢乐的酒。
4:龙舌兰酒+牛奶:养颜瘦身,适合女士
5:龙舌兰酒+咖啡:热咖啡一份中加入龙舌兰酒一盎司,那种怪怪的味让人无法忘怀。
6:龙舌兰酒+咖啡面:用小汤匙舀一勺未煮过的咖啡(磨成粉),一口
咖啡一口酒,风味独特。
金酒喝法 Gin 1:金酒(Gin/杜松子酒)+汤力水+冰+柠檬:金酒以英国/荷兰的出名,伴有浓烈的杜松子香味,如果喝纯的话,会感觉又香又烈,不太好入口.所以一般都是冰块打底,再以1:3加金酒和汤力水勾兑,最后加入柠檬片.这样一来,口感会很舒适,带着淡淡的杜松子香/柠檬香,清澈甘洌. 此酒很适合女孩子慢慢饮用品味,但千万别贪杯,别因为它的口味好而多喝,因为这种酒后劲奇大,而且容易使人兴奋。
2:金酒+干马丁尼+ 橄榄
3:金酒+ 雪碧/七喜
4:金酒+青柠汁+菠萝汁
5:金酒(2-3盎司)+ 苦艾酒 (1盎司)+ 鸡尾酒:洋葱类似于Gin-Matini的味道。用洋葱味取代了橄榄味。用matini酒杯饮用。用盐腌的洋葱作装饰。
红葡萄酒
红葡萄酒是有生命的艺术品,它的神奇是因为它饱含了鲜活的生命原汁,蕴藏了深厚的历史内涵,绵延了高尚的文化积累。品着红葡萄酒,感受着欢乐,沉醉于神秘,自然是人生难得的美妙意境。当你拿起曲线玲珑、晶莹剔透的郁金香型杯子细细把玩,轻轻摇曳,听着冰块与杯体撞击发出的悦耳声音,凝视着玫瑰色的酒汁慢慢地沿着杯壁往下流,透出凝脂般迷人的光泽时,你的心是何等的安详、宁静、和谐与清雅。
一、喝红酒之前的准备工作
通常红酒是平放着储放,软木塞浸泡日久会分解、产生木屑。饮用前一天要直立,让木屑沉淀到瓶底。喝红酒不可以加冰,也不能像香槟放在冰桶里,最适当的饮用温度是摄氏15-17度。冬天可以直接饮用;夏天,最好先放到冰箱的冷藏室,用餐前一至半小时取出,先开瓶,放在一旁慢慢醒酒,同时让温度回升。
二、试酒四步曲
开瓶后, 红酒会先“呼吸”一会,进行氧化,以达到饮用阶段。之后,侍者会倒入约等于一小口份量的酒进入酒杯。此时要做的是“试酒”,试酒的过程为:
1.闻木塞:侍者取出软木塞,让你闻闻软木塞,有芬芳的果香和馥郁的酒香,没有异味,就能进一步确认酒的品质。无误后,就可以请他倒酒。
2.观酒液:已成熟的酒外围酒边带褐色,而里面的酒色泽较深。未成熟的酒大多呈紫红色,如果是砖红色就不对了。
3.嗅酒味:年轻的酒闻起来尚有果味,久酿的酒则有复合香味。
4.尝味道:喝一小口酒,在舌间打转,年轻的红红酒单宁是新涩的,它会随着时间的变迁而变得柔和。在餐厅用酒时,试酒结果满意,便可示意侍者继续倒酒。如不满意,可对侍者表示不接受。
三、不可倒尽最后一滴酒
年代老的酒瓶底一定有木屑,即使三五年,有的也有木屑。因此倒酒时要小心,除了不可晃动酒瓶,倒到最后,还要留一点在瓶的肩部,把酒瓶整个倒翻过来试图倒尽最后一滴酒,是不正确的。
四、醒酒的重要性
红酒开瓶以后,看酒的类型、品质,以及成熟程度,先静放15分钟至1个小时,让它与空气“呼吸”进行化学作用。如果直接倒进酒杯(不要超过杯子容量的三分之一),可晃动酒杯,加速酒与空气接触的几率。建议去餐厅点餐之前先点酒,这样侍者可以先开酒醒着,你可以慢慢看菜谱、吃头盆、喝汤,等主菜上来,酒也醒得差不多了。
红酒的好处:
1、佐餐性:独特的红酒风味和成份决定了它最适于佐餐,它不但能开胃、消食提高用餐质量,又使人兴奋、放松心情。
2、营养性:红酒中的天然原料及酿制过程,使它蕴藏有多种氨基酸、矿物质和维生素,这都是人体必需补充和吸收的营养品。
3、保健性:红酒独有的含聚酚等有机化合物,使红酒具有降低血脂、抑制坏的胆固醇、软化血管、增强心血管功能和心脏活动。又有美容、防衰老的功效。
4、享受性:好的红酒具有丰富的内涵和美好的风味。饮用后令人愉悦欢快、给人以温暖的情感享受。有人说,红酒是艺术和产品的结合,具有较高品尝价值。
五、客观评价葡萄酒的3个基本评价标准
什么样的葡萄酒才是好酒?从主观上来说,你喜欢的葡萄酒就是好酒;每个人的口感喜好都不一样,如果你不喜欢一款葡萄酒,不管它质量多么优秀,对你来说,它都算不上是一款“好酒”。然而从客观上来说,一款好的葡萄酒是有一些标准的:
1、这款酒是否展现了品种特征或典型性,这一标准非常简单,就是说一款霞多丽应该品尝起来或闻起来像霞多丽葡萄酒,一款内比奥罗应该品尝起来或闻起来像内比奥罗葡萄酒。每种葡萄品种至少都有一到两个标志性的特征,不管它是产自哪。比如,当西拉葡萄成熟到一定的程度后,它酿制出的葡萄酒有可能与梅洛葡萄酒或赤霞珠葡萄酒类似。但这款西拉是一款高品质的西拉吗?不大可能。
2、这款酒是否具有平衡性,在大部分情况下,如果一款酒中的各要素(如酸、单宁、酒精、果味和橡木等)没有和谐地融合在一起,这样的酒肯定不能称之为优秀。比如,如果一款葡萄酒会让你的喉咙产生严重的灼烧感,那说明它的酒精度过高,没有足够的果香、风味和酒体跟它协调。而如果一款葡萄酒的橡木味过浓,那也说明它的平衡度不足,没有足够的果香与橡木香配合。
中英英文小说简介范文第6篇
随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大,对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间,以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线,已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性,因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时,喷油量必须精确计算,燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型,预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。
共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分: ①低压部分,包含燃油共轨系统组件。
②高压系统,包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。
电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块,如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器),这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。
所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油,这就是“共轨”的由来。 在共轨燃油喷射系统中,燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。
(1) 压力产生。
燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。
由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低,还是燃油喷射量的多少,油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式,高压泵的设计可以小的多,而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低,这源于高压泵的负载很小。
高压泵是径向活塞泵,在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。 (2) 压力控制
所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。
一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。
在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取,但是在一些应用中,它被直接安装在高压泵中。
另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量,以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。
发生故障时,压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。
在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量,降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时,流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。
双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式,它通过计算单元对压力进行控制,并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制,因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。
(3) 燃油喷射
喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。
喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下,燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比,因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。
(4) 液压辅助动力
与传统燃油喷射系统相比,将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来,有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴,将来会达到1800巴。
共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放,也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的,以保证喷射结束的快速性。
(5) 控制和调节
发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括:
① 曲轴转速和转角; ② 燃油轨道的压力; ③ 进气压力;
④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度; ⑤ 进气量; ⑥ 车速等。
电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步,电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀,废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。
喷油器的开关时间应很短,采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。
根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据,对照发动机状态(时间控制),角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外,EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。
其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制,和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样,它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。
其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗,或提供附加的可靠性和便利性,具体例子有:
① 废气在循环控制; ② 增压控制; ③ 巡航控制;
④ 电子防盗控制系统等。 (6) 控制单元结构。
由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口,所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接,因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制),其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。
The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system. The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing. Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful. As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans. These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure. At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable. A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system. The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale. This was achieved by separating pressure generation (in the high-pressure pump) from the fuel-injection system (injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator. Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components; ② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines. The electronic diesel control (EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators. The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors. They are fitted with a rapid-action valve (solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator) which opens and closes the nozzle. This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder. All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”. In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate. The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity. The electronic diesel control (EDC) controls each of the components. (1) Pressure Generation. Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume. Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common
rail ready for injection. A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure. Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity. Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems. This results in a much lower load on the pump drive. The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump. On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted. (2) Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system. One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve. Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve. This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point ( e. g. in the event of load changes ) . Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems. The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail. In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump. Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side. The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system. In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum. Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump. This has a positive impact on fuel consumption. At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side. The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control. (3) Fuel Injection. The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers. They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail. The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close
the injector nozzle. The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered. At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve. This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed( time-based fuel injection ). (4) Potential Hydraulic Power. Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems; the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa; in future this will rise to 180 MPa. The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly. Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times. The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid. (5) Control and Regulation. The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors. The data collected includes:
① Crankshaft speed and angle; ② Fuel-rail pressure; ③ Charge-air pressure:
④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc. The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals. In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators ( e.g. the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc. ). The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system. The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state ( time control ). The electronic diesel control (EDC) permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity. In
addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience. The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure. In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics. Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience. Some examples are:
① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation; ② Boost-pressure control; ③ Cruise control;
中英英文小说简介范文
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