Controversy about Causing Emotion The fact that we react to certain experiences with “Emotion” is obvious. For example, the feeling of embarrassment, which triggers a physiological response that may cause blushing, is caused by a foolish act committed in the company of friends. Although this description of an embarrassed reaction seems logical, the American psychologist William James, in 1884， believed that the course of an emotional experience follows another sequence of events. The author mentions a foolish act committed in the company of friends in order to •A.give an idea that most people easily get embarrassed in a socialenvironment•B.show that most experiences activate a physiological reaction•C.insist that an embarrassed reaction is usually unwarranted•D.provide an example of an experience that generates emotionFollowing the argument of James, what subjective experience tells us is completely opposite that the sequence of events in an emotional experience. First, he insisted that both physiological excitement and physical reaction are generated by an incident. Only then does the individual perceive or interpret the physical response as an emotion. That is, we associate blushing that caused by physical reaction with embarrassment, such as saying something silly may cause us to blush. In 1890, James went on to claim that "people feel sorry because they cry, furious because they strike, afraid because they shudder." Simultaneously with James' proposition, Carl Lange, a Danish physiologist and psychologist, independently formulated virtually similar theory. The James-Lange theory of emotion (Lange and James, 1922) suggests that different patterns of arousal in the autonomic nervous system create the different emotions people feel, and that physiological arousal occurs prior to the emotion is perceived. According to paragraph 2，which of the following is true of what James believed about an emotional experience? •A.Emotions can be caused only when there is a specific response occursin the body.•B.The sequence of events is not always the same for every emotionalexperience.•C.We are able to figure out the right sequence of events in an emotionalexperience through subjective experience.•D.Both a physical reaction and physiological arousal are triggered by thefeeling of an emotion.The word “formulated” in the passage is closest in meaning to •A.published•B.developed•C.revealed•D.duplicatedIn 1927, Another early theory of emotion that challenged the James-Lange theory was proposed by Walter Cannon. He claimed that physical changes caused by the diverse emotions are not sufficiently distinct to allow people to distinguish one emotion from another. [▇] After Cannon stated his original theory, in 1934, it was further developed by physiologist Philip Bard. [▇]The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the following chain of events takes place when an e...
